Human right Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human right - Coursework Example In this case, the Court observed that inhuman treatment includes the unleashing of violence by police officials resulting in extreme physical injury and suffering3. Thus, to establish degrading or inhuman treatment, Strasbourg Court has framed a high yardstick for such treatment falling within the ambit of Article 3. As held in the Greek case (1969)4, it must surpass a â€Å"certain roughness of treatment†. In 1990, Ireland filed a case against UK for human rights violation in Northern Ireland by employing tactics like by deprivation of drink and food, hooding, wallstanding, deprivation of sleep and continuous loud noise to prisoners. ECHR held that these were against the rights guaranteed under Article 3 although it did not meet the requirements of torture within the meaning of degrading or inhuman treatment. After this, British army virtually stopped these types of torture5. In Jabari v Turkey6, the applicant alleged to have committed adultery in Iran, which is an offence under Iranian law for which stoning till to death is the punishment prescribed for. However, the Court viewed that kind of sentence was against the spirits of Article 3 and if any order of her deportation to Iran would be in infringement of the Article 37. In case of proportionality and harshness of the punishment, the Court will consider the rationale of the punishment and whether such a rationale involves the debasement or gratuitous humiliation of the victim. In Tyrer v United Kingdom8, the judicial corporal punishment which was given to the applicant was degrading and inhuman punishment as it is against the Article 3 which ensures physical integrity and individual’s dignity9. As a positive duty of the state, in R v Secretary of State for Home Department ex parte Limbuela 200510, it was held that any refusal to offer any monetary assistance to asylum seekers and barring them from employing, thereby making

Social responsibility Essay Example for Free

Social responsibility Essay Introduction Starbucks Coffee Corporation is a world renowned Fortune 500 company headquarter in Seattle, Washington USA. It was founded in 1971 with the sole mission to bring the unique Italian coffee experience to the masses. Its CEO Howard Shultz has successfully created a company brand where customers identify its coffee to a distinctive and premium experience. Starbucks Coffee currently has over 18,000 stores worldwide across 60 countries on six continents, and with a market capitalization of over $USD 50 billion. Ranked in American Express/SAP survey as 49 of the Top 100 global retailers, and consistently on the list as one of the best global corporations to work in Forbes magazine, the Starbucks brand is synonymous with success (Starbucks: Global Coffee Giant Has New Growth Plans. 2013). Starbucks Coffee Corporation’s Stewardship in how it conduct Business Starbucks leadership knew that its frontline workforce, or its retail store workers such as baristas, shift managers, and store managers are at the heart to success for the company. Treating the frontline workers well will ensure happy employees who will in turn safeguard the image and values that the company stand for, which keep customers loyal to the brand. Working in the retail sector typically comprise of poor benefits, non-existent or poor healthcare, and low pay. However, Starbucks is one of the very few retail companies that provide health benefits to all its employees referred to ‘partners’ at the full time and part time level. Its partners are offered competitive base pay, equity in the company in the form of Bean Stock, 401(K) saving plan with employer matching, tuition reimbursement, paid vacation, short-term  disability, and product discounts. In the current sluggish economy, companies that used to offer benefits to part time employees have pared back such as Walmart (7 Companies Offering Health Care to Part-Time Workers. 2011), while Starbucks remain committed to its employees and continue to provide benefits to all its workers. Taking care of its employees or partners isn’t its only practice of stewardship. It exist across the entire corporation from business practices, supply chain, and investments. Starbucks’ company mission statement explain what it is all about: Our mission: to inspire and nurture the human spirit-one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time. Social responsibility is at the core of its mission statement and touches: 1. Environmental considerations and recommendations (planet) 2. Ethical leadership considerations and recommendations (people) 3. Organizational viability considerations and recommendations (profitability) Starbucks Corporation already has a well-executed strategy for social responsibility, in this paper I will discuss its current strategy and introduce a new direction, and to make it better through transformation. Starbuck’s current social responsibility strategy is based on the following themes: 1) Community 2) Ethical Sourcing 3) Environment Source: http://www.starbucks.com/responsibility In this section I will explain how each of the three focus are associated to the three social responsibilities of a) planet b) people c) profitability. Starbucks’ Community (People) What Starbucks is Currently Doing Starbucks has a close involvement with the communities that its retail coffee stores are located. Starbucks leadership is committed to helping out the communities that its stores are located. It established an initiative to get its employees involved with making their communities better. A month out of  every year it conducts a program called the Global Month of Service initiative, where Starbucks employees lead community service projects focus on the individual needs of the neighborhood where they live and work. Since the program’s inception in 2011, volunteer hours have increased 40% more than the year before, with a goal of 1 million hours in 2015. What It Should Do Next Hitting 1 million volunteer hours in one month by 2015 seems quite a feat, however when you factor the total Starbucks 150,000 global employees, the contribution of hours is not so significant. That equates to roughly 6.7 hours per employee in a month timeframe. Starbucks leaders should make volunteering mandatory for all its employees and a criteria in the employee’s annual performance review. By linking the program to an employee’s annual performance it would be more of an incentive for people to give more hours, than to think that it is purely voluntary. If during the Global Month of Service every employee can volunteer 2 hours every week for a total of 8 hours per month, at an employee base of 150,000 that means 1.2 million hours can be given. Starbuck’s Ethical Sourcing (Profitability) What Starbucks is Currently Doing Starbucks’ is known for fair practices in everything that carry its brand. It spans from the merchandising of items carried in its retail stores, furniture used by its customers, to the coffee beans it uses in its lattes. Starbucks has integrated into its core business practices social responsibility known as ethical sourcing. Ethical sourcing is being concerned for the well-being of every worker from the top to bottom supply chain that produce any product that has the Starbucks logo. It is to insure that all companies sourced by Starbucks involved with creating its products, provide to their workers a fair-livable wage, sustainable work hours, and adhere to the highest standards of labor practices set forth by Starbucks. The sourcing of its product has a direct impact to Starbucks’ bottom line and profits. However profit margins does not take precedence over social responsibility, compromised or side stepped in the constant pursuits for  corporate profits. Case in Po int: In 2012 Starbucks assessed 128 factories and found that 36 of them failed its zero-tolerance standards. Even though its approach was to work with suppliers to correct the issues, it halted business until adequate resolution were implemented. While it was able to implement improvement plans with almost half of these factories, it stopped working with 15 factories that didn’t rectify the issues. Since the program started in 2006, it engaged with more than 500 factory assessments and worked with more than 70 factories on programs to improve standards. Aside from internal practices, Starbucks is a member of the Global Social Compliance Program, and promoting externally the social responsibility of ethical sourcing best practices to other corporations. To lead and facilitate business-driven efforts to improve environmental and working conditions in the global supply chain of companies. To set itself has a model for other corporations to follow. Source: http://www.gscpnet.com/structure-a-governance/task-force.html What It Should Do Next Starbucks has implemented the practice of ethical sourcing. It is showing to other corporations the morality of how to be responsible, however the Global Social Compliance program is voluntary. My suggestion is for Starbucks to take the idea of Global Social Compliance to the next level in two stages, with the ultimate goal to create a global consortium that has one set standard to enforce ethical policies across all global industries: 1) Control Low Level global supply chain entities Many global corporations utilize the same entities or sources for manufacturing and raw resources. The first strategy is to onboard these entities by granting them financial incentives, subsidies, and longer contracts if they join the Global Social Compliance Program. The caveat is they must use the money to re-invest in themselves by improving in technology or attributes to gain competitive advantage against its competition. 2) Once competitive advantage is attained, the overall cost of the goods or services will be lower compared to competitors. This makes it highly attrative to multinationals seeking lower priced sources. This will  lead to an influx of business by multinationals towards these entities and possibly the demise of competitors, resulting in the overall reduction of players in the sector. Over time the multinationals will be so ingrained to these entities because of the lower cost associated with production and the lack of choices in pursuing other suppliers, that disjoining from them will adversely affect business. At that point, Starbucks can dictate to the entities that all multinationals that work with these entities to join a global consortium that adhere to Global Social Compliance and its policies, led and defined by Starbucks. To keep the multinationals in the consortium, business advantage strategies can be implemented such as all members openly share in the cost of development of new technologies, which can be used by all or any members to gain competitive advantage in their respective industries against competitors outside of the consortium. Or as a consortium to collectively bargain for better rates of goods or services from entities outside the consortium. Over time many companies will see the benefits of becoming a member of the consortium, than fighting against companies within the consortium. The consortium will wield substantial influence and political power as major corporations in the network span across national boundaries, and collectively use its clout to push positive global agendas. Starbuck’s Environment (Planet) What Starbucks is Currently Doing Starbucks is heavily involved in helping care for our planet. It lead by example by reducing its operating costs and increase shareholder value through energy and water efficiency, while encouraging other corporations to do the same. As a company that relies on an agricultural product (coffee beans) as its core business, and the potential to effect geological conditions in the land used to grow the product, Starbucks is committed to strategies that safeguard against land erosion and deforestation through its involvement in the Conservation International (CI) project. Starbucks’  contribution to CI is to work with farmers in major coffee growing regions of the world, to provide monetary incentives if their direct action(s) lead to the reduction of carbon and protection of the environment. Source: http://www.starbucks.com/responsibility/environment/climate-change What It Should Do Next Starbucks is helping to save planet Earth a small step at a time. However it need to elevate the effort by doing the following: 1) Establish and join forces with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Starbucks and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation are both based in Seattle Washington, less than 10 miles away from each other. Both organizations have different ideas on how to solve global issues, but share in the view that the planet is not sustainable without change. The Gates Foundation’s main driver to tackling global issues are through reducing extreme poverty and improving healthcare. The Gates foundation is the philanthropic arm of Microsoft Corporation’s co-founder Bill Gates, who is the world’s richest person. Bill Gates has endowed $USD 38.3 billion dollars to the foundation to fund global initiatives. Starbucks’ strategy to tackle global issues seem to be at the micro level compared to the Gates foundation; working with farmers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), while the Gates foundation is funding initiatives at a macro or global level. In the area of Global Health the Gates foundation’s annual funding of the program approaches the total annual budget of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO). The Gates foundation has the political connection, prestige, and financial resources which Starbucks should leverage to further its Earth protection agendas. If Starbucks want to become a bigger player in solving the planet’s problems it need to align itself with an organization that does it full time, has the ear of the United Nation, and that is the Bill Melinda Gates foundation. Joining forces with a powerhouse such as the Gates foundation, instead of providing incentives to farmers to promote ecological friendly programs in coffee growth areas, it can develop and give to all farmers technologies that can yield better crop output and use less water and land resources. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation 4. Legal and regulatory considerations and recommendations The suggestions outlined in this paper, to transform Starbucks’ social responsibility program it need to be within the legal framework for all the countries that the program applies to. The creation of a global consortium to further its ethical sourcing objectives should be a program welcomed by many workers in third world countries who work for companies known for exploitation of its workers. Governments of these countries would welcome multinationals such as Starbucks to financially provide support to stop the exploitation. Regarding furthering its present community initiative, the compulsory of its employees to volunteer shouldn’t be outside the framework of existing laws either since many corporations also have similar practices. Lastly to increase the awareness of helping the planet, joining forces with the Bill Melinda Gates foundation is a corporation to organization relationship which is legal in any country. Citation Resource Page: Loeb,W.(2013).Starbucks: Global Coffee Giant Has New Growth Plans. Retrieved February 16, 2014, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/walterloeb/2013/01/31/starbucks-globalcoffee-giant-has-new-growth-plans/ Kim,S (2011). 7 Companies Offering Health Care to Part-Time Workers. Retrieved February 18, 2014, from http://abcnews.go.com/Business/companies-offering-health-care-benefitsperks-part-time/story?id=14805107 Starbucks Corporation Social Responsibility. (2013). Retrieved February 20, 2014, from http://www.starbucks.com/responsibility Global Social Compliance Programme. (2013). Retrieved February 20, 2014, from http://www.gscpnet.com/structure-a-governance/task-force.html Starbucks Corporation Climate Change Strategy. (2013). Retrieved February 21, 2014, from http://www.starbucks.com/responsibility/environment/climate-change About Bill Melinda Gates Foundation. (2013). Retrieved February 23, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

Controlling the Spread of Disease

Controlling the Spread of Disease Cholera Cholera is caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae, which contaminates food and drinking water This bacterium infects the small intestines with a toxin called CTX , which in turn causes severe diarrhoea Normally present in coastal waters, attaching to crustaceans known as copepods which are found in plankton rich environments (WordPress, 2014). This bacteria does not always make people ill however, this bacteria may come out in stools, which can contaminate the water supply When vibrio cholerae enters the human body toxic poisons are released, causing diarrhoea The nutrients in the water enables provides ideal condition for the bacteria to multiply Prevention To prevent contracting cholera use bottled or boiled water when drinking and preparing food and drink Thoroughly washing hands on a regular basis Malaria: a potentially life threatening disease The life cycle of malaria Malaria plasmodium parasites have two hosts; female anopheles females and humans Female anopheles mosquitos infected by malaria parasites Inject sporozites into humans whilst feeding on their blood Sporozites then infect cells within the liver; transforming into thousands of merozoites. These merozites travel out of the liver and then invade the red blood cells; where they multiply forming new merozites Red blood cells then burst; this releases merozites which go on to infect other cells Whilst invading red blood cells merozites can develop into gametocytes; which is the sexual reproductive stage. Gametocytes are sucked up by mosquitos when they are feeding; fusing with gametes to make zygotes in the mosquitos gut Zygotes become fertilised and form motile ookinete; which turn into oocyst, these then multiply producing thousands of sporozoites These then move into the salivary gland of the mosquito after around a week; ready to infect humans So what can be done to protect against malaria? The use of mosquito nets are commonly used to stop mosquitos from biting as well as the use of insect repellent Some medicines are given to people to help prevent the risk of contracting malaria: doxycycline, proguanil with atovaquone, mefloquine; some of which need to be taken for weeks after return (disqus, 2014). Influenza Influenza (flu) is a common viral infection which attacks the nose, throat and lungs (respiratory system) Influenza is air borne and can be transmitted between people if someone has the virus and sneezes, others can inhale this The virus can also be present on objects an infected person has touched Cytokines are produced when the innate immune system starts to respond to the threat these induce responses such as the inflammatory response Lifecycle The flu enters its host and then invades cells within the respiratory system The virus uses its host cell to replicate its DNA; forcing the cell to make copies of the virus This triggers the body’s immune response which sends white blood cells to the area of infection If not stopped the virus can then break free from the host cell allowing it to infect other cells around the body (fitbuff.com, 2009). Prevention Vaccinations are offered to protect against influenza but are not one hundred percent effective Washing hands regularly prevents the spread of infection Athlete’s foot (trichophyton) Trichophyton rubrum causes tinea pedis (athletes foot) which feeds off keratin in the upper layer of the skin, hair and nails Trichophyton rubrum form part of the dermatophytes which is a group of fungi Within four to ten days symptoms appear as a result of body’s inflammatory response; resulting in a red rash on the skin The blistered and itchy skin occurs as a result of the trichophyton reproducing on the skin, particularly they like moist places such as in-between the toes If the fungus infection is not treated it can spread to other areas of the feet such as the toe nails This fungi can be passed from person to person and is prevalent in public showers and swimming pools, where skin particles are left around Symptoms Skin between the toes can burn and become itchy Early treatment is recommended If untreated in the first instance it can cause the skin to become cracked and infected further with bacteria The fungus infection may cause an unpleasant smell Prevention Thoroughly washing feet daily and making sure all areas are completely dry before putting socks on Not wearing socks and shoes where possible to allow air to circulate around the feet Changing socks regularly, this is because fungus can multiply on flakes of skin Bibliography Advameg. (2014). Athletes foot. [online] Available: http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/2/Athlete-s-foot.html. Last accessed 24/9/2014> Bupa. (2014). Malaria – prevention. [online] Available: http://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/m/malaria-prevention. Last accessed 24/9/2014> Horizon Primary Care. (2012). The Life Cycle of the Flu. [online] Available: http://horizonprimarycare.com/the-life-cycle-of-the-flu/. Last accessed 24/9/2014> How stuff works. (2014). How Viruses Work. [online] Available: http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellular-microscopic/virus-human2.htm. Last accessed 25/9/2014> Interpod Pty Ltd. (2013). What is Tinea Pedis aka Athletes foot? . [online] Available: http://www.interpod.com.au/symptoms/what-is-tinea-pedis-aka-athletes-foot-diagnosis-treatment-and-pain-relief/. Last accessed 24/9/2014> Live strong. (2014). Life Cycle of Influenza. [online] Available: http://www.ehow.com/about_5491671_life-cycle-influenza.html. Last accessed 24/9/2014> malariavaccine. (2014). Life cycle of the malaria parasite. [online] Available: http://www.malariavaccine.org/malvac-lifecycle.php. Last accessed 24/9/2014> malaria.wellcome. (2014). The malaria lifecycle. [online] Available: http://malaria.wellcome.ac.uk/interactive/parasitelifecycle/interactive.html. Last accessed 24/9/2014> Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2014). Cholera. [online] Available: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/basics/causes/con-20031469. Last accessed 24/9/2014> Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2013). Influenza (flu). [online] Available: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/basics/definition/con-20035101. Last accessed 24/9/2014> medicalnewstoday. (2013). What Is Cholera? What Causes Cholera?. [online] Available: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189269.php. Last accessed 24/9/2014> Medline Plus. (2014). Immune response. [online] Available: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm. Last accessed 24/9/2014> MIMS (NZ) Ltd . (2014). What is tinea?. [online] Available: http://www.everybody.co.nz/page-c172a44b-7f65-4de9-99d5-1568036d64c5.aspx. Last accessed 24/9/2014> OurHealthNetwork. (2006). What is athletes foot? . [online] Available: http://www.ourhealthnetwork.com/conditions/FootandAnkle/AthletesFoot.asp. Last accessed 24/9/2014> Patient.co.uk. (2012). Athletes Foot (Tinea Pedis). [online] Available: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Athletes-Foot-(Tinea-Pedis).htm. Last accessed 24/9/2014> Viral zone. (2011). Bacterial viruses biology pages. [online] Available: http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/. Last accessed 24/9/2014> virology. (2009). The inflammatory response. [online] Available: http://www.virology.ws/2009/07/01/the-inflammatory-response/. Last accessed 25/9/2014> WebMD. (2014). Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis):. Available: http://www.webmd.boots.com/foot-care/athletes-foot-tinea-pedis. Last accessed 24/9/2014> Wise Geek. (2014). What Is Trichophyton?. [online] Available: http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-is-trichophyton.htm. Last accessed 24/9/2014> References disqus. (2014). Body odour reveals malarial infection. Available: http://naijanetworknews.com/?p=390. Last accessed 24/9/2014 fitbuff.com. (2009). 10 Swine Flu Symptoms to Watch Out For. [online] Available: http://www.fitbuff.com/10-swine-flu-symptoms-to-watch-out-for/. Last accessed 24/9/2014> WordPress. (2014). Liu Lab Research. Available: http://research.pomona.edu/jane-liu/liu-lab-research/. Last accessed 24/9/2014

Images and Imagery within Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Reinforcing Imagery Within Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the classic Shakespearean drama Macbeth it seems that every scene is laden with copious imagery - and for a purpose. Its intended purpose is to play a supporting role for more important facets of the play, for example theme.    In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson interprets the imagery of Macbeth:    Macbeth is a play in which the poetic atmosphere is very important; so important, indeed, that some recent commentators give the impression that this atmosphere, as created by the imagery of the play, is its determining quality. For those who pay most attention to these powerful atmospheric suggestions, this is doubtless true. Mr. Kenneth Muir, in his introduction to the play - which does not, by the way, interpret it simply from this point of view - aptly describes the cumulative effect of the imagery: "The contrast between light and darkness is part of a general antithesis between good and evil, devils and angels, evil and grace, hell and heaven . . . and the disease images of IV, iii and in the last act clearly reflect both the evil which is a disease, and Macbeth himself who is the disease from which his country suffers."(67-68)    Roger Warren comments in Shakespeare Survey 30 , regarding Trervor Nunn's direction of Macbeth at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1974-75, on opposing imagery used to support the opposing notions of purity and black magic:    Much of the approach and detail was carried over, particularly the clash between religious purity and black magic. Purity was embodied by Duncan, very infirm (in 1974 he was blind), dressed in white and accompanied by church organ music, set against the black magic of the witches, who even chanted 'Double, double to the Dies Irae. (283)    L.C. Knights in the essay "Macbeth" explains the supporting role which imagery plays in Macbeth's descent into darkness:    To listen to the witches, it is suggested, is like eating "the insane root, That takes the reason prisoner" (I.iii.84-5); for Macbeth, in the moment of temptation, "function," or intellectual activity, is "smother'd in surmise"; and everywhere the imagery of darkness suggests not only the absence or withdrawal of light but - "light thickens" - the presence of something positively oppressive and impeding.   (101)    In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye shows how the playwright uses imagery to reinforce the theme:

Establishing Special Courts Catering to Human Trafficking Cases Essay

Last 2012, Ms. Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, an envoy from the United Nations visited the Philippines to observe the situation of human trafficking in the country. Ms. Ezeilo stated that â€Å"the Philippines is undoubtedly a source country for human trafficking, and the problem is not declining. † One of the solutions she proposed to address the problem were special courts catering to human trafficking cases. (Reyes, 2012. ) Human trafficking thrives in poverty & lack of education, which are the main catalysts for individuals to be ushered into trafficking. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. These are some of the problems the government is facing, and the two are very interconnected because they are the cause and effects of each other. Poverty leads to lack of education, and lack of education leads to poverty. The government is doing what they can to help minimize the issue, but they admit that it would take some time. (Sisante, 2008. ) Education is a way to combat trafficking, due to the fact that education leads to decent employment, and a well-informed individual would be more aware of the dangers of being trafficked, thus preventing it to happen in his/her life. However, ideal this may sound, it is not possible to solve poverty and lack of education in a snap. There has to be other solutions to consider that could be done now and would have a great impact. The establishment of special courts tackling specifically human trafficking-oriented cases is a practical solution that would greatly expedite the process of punishing human traffickers and by extension greatly reduce the number of cases of human trafficking in the Philippines, helping alleviate its social, economic, and political consequences. Before special courts as a solution is to be discussed any further, it is important to define what a special court is. Specialized courts are defined by the International Journal for Court Administration as â€Å"tribunals of narrowly focused jurisdiction to which all cases that fall within that jurisdiction are routed. † (Zimmer, 2009) The following paragraphs are going to discuss the counterarguments against special courts, and would be briefly refuted before the three main arguments in favor of special courts are presented. The opposition may claim special courts as an unnecessary expenditure and inaccessible. They claim that it is unnecessary because the creation of new courts is onerous and constitutes unnecessary expenditures, particularly if cases are seasonal, and funds could go to waste if it remains idle. (Zimmer, 2009. ) The creation of a court would automatically imply expenditures. The court has to pay for the administrative costs, the physical court, and other expenses needed to assist the victims, like court psychiatrists. It would also require effort on the judiciary, and the Supreme Court, due to the fact that special courts have to be set-up with care in order for its potential in eliminating cases to be maximized. Zimmer, 2009) However, funding is not a strong argument, because the government has money. It is the proper allocation of the funds, or budgeting that is in question. The government has established special courts for environmental cases in 2008, 117 to be exact. (Salaveirra, 2008) If the government has placed effort enough to set up courts to save the environment, shouldn’t it be a priority to set up courts to fight for human trafficking victims, who have been robbed of their rights? Human rights should always be kept in the priority list of the government. Recently, it has been reported that the government is funding the Department of Health with 500 million pesos for contraceptives for the year 2013. One of their aims was to ‘combat poverty’. (Fernandez, 2012. ) This shows that the government tries to prioritize the poor, however it just shows that they haven’t thought of more practical ways to combat poverty, without being morally questionable, and without robbing humans the right to life. Chief Justice Puno stated that preservation of human rights and the right to life should be considered more than the financial burden a special court entails. Rempillo, 2007. ) This is what the special court for human trafficking should be for, to fight for rights. A $1. 5 million budget or almost ? 65 million is allotted by the national government to support operations against human trafficking, prosecution of offenders, and for the protection of the public. (IACAT, 2012. ) The special courts would allow this budget to be maximized to its full potential in expediting human trafficking cases. Public access could also be limited. Some judges prefer not to be in a special court setting because it limits their trials to criminal cases. Bakker, 1997) Public access may also be limited due to the fact that you cannot establish it everywhere, and the judges are most likely to stay in their respective courts. If public access is considered a problem, then strategically locating these physical courts would be the solution. To place special courts in accessible areas in which the cases are numerous could actually help the victims to easily access justice. Some judges may not want to be in a special court setting because it limits their trials to specific criminal cases. (Bakker, 1997. However, this could turn into an advantage because if they keep seeing the same class of cases over and over again, they could render out decisions faster and more efficiently, due to a better understanding of the cases that they deal with. (Zimmer, 2009. ) There are three solutions to human trafficking: prosecution, prevention, and protection. (EHTN, n. d. ) The establishment of special courts would aid in prosecution, due to the speedy justice it serves, prevention, since it is an effective deterrent for criminals involved, and protection, due to its aims in protecting the victims, and the witnesses during the timeframe of the case. The following paragraphs would elaborate more on why special courts should be established. Firstly, special courts would aid in prosecution and are practical. This is supported by the prevalence of human trafficking, the poor enforcement of justice, specifically in human trafficking cases, the need to distinguish human trafficking as a family of cases that should be differentiated from labor contract violations, the legal precedents such as previous special courts set-up for heinous crimes, and the successful implementation of human trafficking courts in other nations. Human trafficking is a serious issue in the Philippines. As pointed out by the UN envoy Ezeilo, the Philippines is a source country for human trafficking. (Reyes, 2012. ) This is due to the fact that when Filipinos go abroad for work opportunities, they get vulnerable to recruitment by fraudulent recruitment agencies. Internal trafficking is also a serious issue because forced labor, prostitution, child labor, and other forms of trafficking are victimizing people who are moving from rural areas to urban centers. [para, US Department of State, 2011 as cited by (â€Å"Human Trafficking in East Asia & Pacific.. , n. d. )] The rise of human trafficking cases in the Philippines, particularly in the Visayas region, is 97% in 2012, in comparison to the cases filed in 2010. There were 436 human trafficking victims in Central Visayas alone. (â€Å"State prosecutors see increase.. †, 2012) Another alarming detail is the prevalence of child labor. There has been an estimation of more than 2. 2 million working children aged 15-17 in the country. (US Department of State, 2011. as cited by (â€Å"Human Trafficking in East Asia & Pacific.. †, n. d. It is also believed that 60,000-100,000 Filipino children are involved in prostitution rings. (Challenger, 2010. ) The previous information stated imply that there are thousands of potential cases to be filed, and special courts would help in fast-tracking the cases to avoid backlog, and to insure fair and speedy justice. The government has fallen short in the enforcement of justice in dealing with human trafficking cases. There were 680 pending or ongoing cases, and an additional 129 cases pending at the Department of Justice during the year 2012. â€Å"Trafficking in Persons.. †, 2012. ) This shows a huge amount of backlog and ongoing cases, which shows the prevalence of the cases, and the lack of efficiency on the part of the judiciary when it comes to dealing with human trafficking cases. In the Philippines, it takes three to four years to conclude human trafficking cases, which supports the previous statement about the inefficiency of the judiciary. Human trafficking is a family of cases. It is an organized criminal activity in which human beings are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited. Forms of human trafficking include sex trafficking, forced labor, child labor, selling of organs, and recruitment of children in military work, are forms of human trafficking. (â€Å"Human Trafficking: Organized Crime.. †, 2012) These crimes (except for the selling of organs) are usually confused with labor contract violations, in which the special court would come in handy. In 2012, there have only been two out of twenty-nine traffickers convicted for labor exploitation, showing that the judiciary is not paying enough attention to it. â€Å"Trafficking in Persons†¦ †, 2012. );(Reyes, 2012. ) The special court would help differentiate the two, and allow the human trafficking cases to be dealt with properly. (â€Å"Trafficking in Persons†¦ †, 2012) Expertise and uniformity are traits of special courts, and could be put to good use so that there is consistency in applying the law. The expertise of judges in specialized courts are likely to produce better decisions in the respective cases and are less likely to generate appeals to be taken. (Zimmer, 2009. ) The judiciary has established several special courts for other cases, which gives a legal precedent for human trafficking courts. The Administrative circular no. 104-96 from the Supreme Court discusses the establishment of special courts that cater to heinous crimes for speedy and efficient justice. (â€Å"Administrative Circular No. 104-96†, 1996) This document shows that special courts have been done before, so it implies that it can be done again. Environmental courts, extrajudicial killings, and tax courts are some of the examples of special courts established in the Philippines. Representative Mel Senen Sarmiento of the first district of Samar is pushing for the creation of special courts for human trafficking, saying that â€Å"the Philippines is close to Somalia and Myanmar as regards trafficking, merchandising their people like cattle. If congress can create courts for drug traffickers why not a court for human traffickers too? † (Quirante, 2010. ) In other nations such as Dubai and India, special human trafficking courts have been effectively established. Dubai believes that the special human trafficking courts established would speed up cases. Constantine, 2010. ) Meanwhile, the human trafficking court in Mumbai disposed a large backlog of cases in a span of a year, which included 438 cases, and convictions in 81 cases. It also ordered the closure of 11 brothels. (â€Å"US Officials Impressed†, 2011) This proves that it is an effective solution to exercise justice, and to help bring criminals behind bars. A political benefit that the Phili ppines could gain from establishing special courts is the improvement of the nation’s ranking in the United States’ Trafficking in Persons Report. Currently, the nation is ranked in tier 2, which means that the country is making significant efforts to fight human trafficking, but it does not yet meet minimum standards. Why should the nation take an effort in improving our tier ranking? If the nation falls into tier 3, the US would withhold or withdraw non-humanitarian, non-trade-related foreign assistance as a consequence. (â€Å"Tiers: Placement†¦ †, 2011) This is important because not only would the country be able to maintain the implementation of rights, but also maintain good diplomatic relations with the United States. Secondly, special courts would help prevent human trafficking. This is due to the fact that the courts would be an effective deterrent to the criminals involved in the crime. It would lessen the economic advantages and benefits that make the industry appealing to people, and it would help alleviate the economic and political consequences of human trafficking. When the suspects, and people who are interested in getting involved in the industry, see that justice is being enforced, they will eventually act on their fear of being caught and possibly stop in their advances. If not, the possibility of them being caught could possibly increase as society becomes more and more aware of human trafficking, and more confident in filing complaints as they see justice being served. Not only would it put criminals behind bars, but it would also put their name to shame. In the first quarter of 2013, a new law was signed by President Benigno Aquino. Republic Act 10364, the Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012, removed the confidentiality provision in the previous law, RA 9208. RA 9208 does not allow the names and circumstances of the victims and the criminal to be made public at any stage of investigation, rescue, prosecution and trial. With the confidentiality clause removed, this allows the public to know the identity of the criminals, so as not to risk being victimized by them. (Punay, 2013. ) With the special court at hand, the criminals would not only be humiliated publicly, but they will be put to justice quickly. Special courts could aid in alleviating the loss of human resources due to trafficking. In human trafficking, the labor force is misused and therefore, is kept from contributing to the nation’s economy that causes the loss of revenue. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008) The labor force should be able to provide for their family and contribute to taxes for the betterment of the nation, but with the potential labor force being exploited in human trafficking, this does not allow them to do so. With putting the criminals behind bars in a more efficient way, it prevents people from being trafficked in the first place. Special courts could also eventually help stop the unlawful distribution of national wealth, and influences markets, political power, and societal relations. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008) Traffickers affect fair competition due to the fact that some companies outsource their productions for a cheaper price, not knowing that trafficked people are used in the factories. Traffickers make 32 billion annually. Not only is it untaxed, but people who actually provided the labor do not gain from this. (â€Å"An Introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) Special courts would also lessen human trafficking’s political implications due to illegal immigration. Migration policies are tightened because of illegal immigration. Due to these policies, victims are forced to enter other countries illegally, and when they are caught, the may be considered as collaborators which makes the implementation of rights as an issue. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) This could also lead to giving people difficult time in looking for better work opportunities abroad, due to the fact that they could not migrate easily. It benefits people in a way that trafficking could be prevented, but traffickers find other ways to get the victims through the borders. Trafficking victims and smuggled people are different because smuggled people gain their freedom when they reach their destination while trafficked victims are not. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) With the courts established, and the criminals sent behind bars, the opportunity for them to traffic more innocent people in ther nations, where they are subject to human rights violations. It is important to refer to the Mumbai Special court, that was successful in eradicating trafficking in the city to some extent due to the closing of human-trafficking related businesses, and justice being served to the criminals. (â€Å"US Officials Impressed†¦ †, 2011) Lastly, special courts would reintegrate the victim to society faster. Human trafficking, as a grave violation to human rights, has a psychological effect on vic tims. The protection of the victims and the witnesses during the timeframe of the case’s trial is also a vital need required of the law, and without this protection, the timeframe is lengthened. There is also a need to make society realize that the victim was at no fault to push it to accept the victim again. How do these things contribute to faster reintegration of the victim to society? Psychological and medical help is required of the law, and it is the court’s duty to make sure that the victim gets to enjoy these benefits. RA 9208, 2003. ) Most human trafficking victims experience post-traumatic stress, which should be brought into attention so that it could be alleviated, thus helping the victim live a normal life again. (Williamson, Dutch, Clawson, 2012. ) This is due to the victims being drugged or being deprived of their basic needs such as food as â€Å"motivation† to work by their traffickers. (Challenger, 2010. ) It is presumed that the specialized court wou ld assist the victims properly, and according to their needs. (Reyes, 2012. ) Another responsibility of the court is to ensure protection of not only the victim, but also the witness. It is required by the Anti-Trafficking law. (RA 9208, 2003. ) This would insure protection so that both victims and witnesses won’t be afraid to tell the truth. (Reyes, 2012. ) Dubai believes that the special human trafficking court would provide a safe environment for witnesses. (Constantine, 2010. ) Fear suppresses the implementation of justice. Fear of retaliation causes the victims and/or witnessed to withdraw or decline cooperation which leads to a lengthy trial. In 2010, only 3 trafficking cases were assisted by the Department of Justice due to unwillingness of the victims. (US Department of State, 2011. as cited by (â€Å"Human Trafficking in East Asia & Pacific.. †, n. d. ) The less time it takes to conclude the case, the easier it is for the victim to cooperate, because in slow trials, there is a fear of the possibility of the accused party could retaliate and scare off the victim and/or witnesses. In Philippine Special Courts, mandatory continuous trial that should be terminated within 60 days and the decision should be rendered within 30. â€Å"Administrative Circular No. 104-96†, 1996) This timeframe is reasonable enough to allow the court to collect evidences and investigate, and for the judge to study the case well in order to render a fair decision. Special courts, when they implement justice, would help society realize that the victim was not at fault. It would help society accept the victim. In most cases, being traf ficked affects the social stigma of the victim, who is disapproved for returning without promised wealth. Society has the tendency to blame the victim for disgracing his/herself and his/her family due to the fact that they don’t realize that the trafficker is at fault, and not the victim. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) With the special court, it would be made clear that the victim was, indeed a victim, and did not consent to the injustices that he/she suffered. This would also show that the government is, indeed, taking the issue seriously, and will do what they can to make sure that the offenders pay for their crimes. It would also help society become aware of the seriousness of human trafficking as an issue in the country. The establishment of special courts is a good and practical solution that could be immediately applied by the nation. With the implications that the establishment of the special courts is to be well-studied by the judiciary for good implementation, resulting in good, educated decisions in choosing qualified staff, strategic placement of physical courts, then the special court would be maximized in helping towards the eradication of human trafficking.

Rebecca1 essays

Rebecca1 essays The novel written by Daphne Du Maurier entitled Rebecca is very unique and interesting. Most of the story takes place in England, at a marvelous mansion called Manderley. It is about a woman, whose name is never revealed, meeting and marrying a wealthy man, Max De Winter. The new couple moves to his house in England to begin their married life. Upon arrival Mrs. De Winter is introduced to the housekeepers, firstly the head housemaid, Mrs. Danvers. Right from the very beginning of the meeting of the new bride and head housemaid, things were hostile. Mrs. Danvers is still emotionally attached to the first wife of Mr. De Winter, the late Rebecca De Winter. Throughout the entire story the new Mrs. De Winter is trying to fulfill her shoes. She always feels that she has to live up to everything that Rebecca accomplished. In reality, Max never wanted his new wife to be anything less or more than what she was. In the end of the story Max and his wife are talking when some flares go off in the sky at a nearby cove. When they go to see what has happened, Max flees. Mrs. De Winter finds him in a cottage by the sea. She enters as he is quivering in a corner. He reveals to her that there was a boating accident and some divers found a boat, it was Rebeccas boat. The divers busted a window and found a skeleton inside of the locked cabin. When Rebeccas body was found several months ago, a grief-stricken Max went to identify the body and it was determined that she was traveling alone. Puzzled, his wife does not understand what this had to do with the body found in the cove. Then Max lays it on her that it was Rebecca. He said that she was very evil, and that she was not what everyone portrayed her to be. After he married her, he found out a number of awful things about his wife. Too embarrassed by divorce, the couple made an agreement to put on a facade for the world. One evening Rebecca came to him with a sheepish grin on h ...

The MBA Thesis for Graduate Students Essay Example

The MBA Thesis for Graduate Students Essay Example The MBA Thesis for Graduate Students Essay The MBA Thesis for Graduate Students Essay Essay Topic: Thesis MBA treatise And Communication Activity a MBA treatise sometimes takes the attribute of communication, disagreeable to persuade others that you change a dianoetic stand on the issue you are perusal. In MBA theses, action assignments oftentimes enquire you to achieve a coaxing casing graphic. You are questionable to sway the MBA theses clergyman of what your characteristic is which you deprivation to compose. This attribute of affect, oftentimes titled educational argumentation, follows a accepted activity in MBA treatise activity. MBA Explore Treatise Activity Activity MBA treatise starts with Debut. Aft a instrument debut of your case, you attribute your stand on the case direct and unremarkably in ace condemn. This condemn is the treatise evidence, and it gives a abstract of the argumentation you’ll achieve in the breathe of your MBA treatise. 1. Debut This is a broad activity to what the MBA treatise is each active; it is not conscionable a statement of the list of apiece component. 2. Backcloth Collection (elective) A abbreviated component gift backcloth collection hawthorn be needful, especially if your chore spans cardinal or often accepted fields. 3. Explore Ask or Difficulty Evidence It states a instrument evidence of the ask that your MBA theses tackles 4. Lit Accounting This location of the MBA explore treatise is oftentimes many accessible benign. It hawthorn acquire ace or various sections and subsections. 5. Epistemology This component includes the methods of inquiry old in the MBA theses. E.g., interviews, surveys, reports etc. 6. Findings or Results This is component of MBA theses where we investigate the results base in Lit examination component. 7. Conclusions The MBA explore Essay editing treatise unremarkably covers 4 things in the conclusions area, and apiece of these unremarkably merits a abstracted section: Conclusions Unofficial Approaching Explore Deduction 8. References The database of references in MBA Research papers theses is nearly bound to the lit examination. About examiners have your database of references looking the big activity in the country, so our MBA treatise group takes bound they are catalogued.

Puritans essays

Puritans essays The Puritans developed an ideal that could be attained by working and following what the bible. The modern American Dream is always stereotyped by money, power, and happiness. The goal that the Puritans made for todays societys American Dream might be a huge house with a white picket fence. What the Puritans did not know is that things changed, and the people of today do not care about what people think or say about them. The Puritans had a set way of life for our American Dream by keeping faith, working hard, and having no failures which they tried everyday to achieve. For example, the Puritans would only see things from one point of view, which is the chosen one. In the Puritans day, if someone did not like someone no one else will, unless they were related. The Puritans constantly had to keep up their status in life to be with the chosen, and no failures were accepted. In addition, the Puritans can not fail because they had to follow the rules and regulations that were made for them. The Puritans did what the bible said or they would be accused of being a witch. Also, the Puritans made no mistakes. The Puritans lived their day to day life by the rules and regulations that are set for them so they will not get the assumption that they were going to hell. They followed rules and regulations so theyd not live life with suffering and misery. Furthermore, the Puritans needed their faith, to keep working hard, and to follow the rules and regulations. This was so they might not go to hell, have suffering, or be accused of being a Todays Society is nothing like the American Dream that the Puritans set, for themselves, and todays society to have. For example, people today fight, lose patience, and steal for the American Dream, but if todays society worked hard then theyd have what they want. Some people of todays society,...

Reading response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Reading response - Assignment Example However, due to the cultural difference the plan of making the daughter a Shirley Temple seems to be failing. The mother is also focused on making the daughter do different tests every night. The tests are seemingly unrelated since they are from different magazines and the continued daughter’s failures to get the correct answers brings great disappointment to both of them. These failures can be attributed to cultural differences that cause different likes. However, after a rebellion from the daughter who wants to do music, the mother allows her and hires a piano teacher. Nonetheless, the performance is still relatively poor prompting the girl to stop attending the piano classes. The daughter is in between two string cultures and due to the cultural conflict does not seem to fit perfectly at one place. Although unaware, efforts to fit in the two cultures are the main reason for her continued failures in the different activities. Maggie is portrayed as humble and innocent girl with great enthusiasm for her heritage and tradition. Unlike Dee, Maggie is shy and has seemingly no courage to face difficult life situations thereby provoking sympathy. Conversely, Dee is seemingly absorbed in a different culture and has always had great interest in reading and achieving a different lifestyle. Although she is not very bright, she struggles and brings forth great effort. This is a show of determination just as she was determined to court Jimmy T by reading to him although he took off to marry a â€Å"cheap city girl†. Additionally, Dee is bold and has great courage to face any situation even the seemingly difficult ones. However, Dee seems to know little about her heritage as compared to Maggie. In fact, the seemingly few cultural things she knows and likes are wrongly placed. For example, she wants the butter churn curved by her uncle only for decoration purposes rather than

Slp bus 499 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slp bus 499 - Essay Example Also the last objective as already been discussed is the commitment to sustainable development. Wal – Mart ensures complete usage of its resources and helps in improving the environment. Here customers realize that the organization supports them and also cares for the satisfaction of the customer needs. Also the organization has shown social responsibility to the society. The above mentioned strategies support one another in all aspects. It is noted that all the objectives and the strategies that have been set down by the company are linked to one another in a manner – the mission and vision of the company. This allows and shows that the company is headed only in one direction and thus the strategic goals of the company will be met easily and more efficiently due to the united approach. Thus it is clear that the strategies developed by the company support each other in all manners and allow the company to grow evenly towards the same goals. Wal – Mart has very carefully planned and designed its strategies based on the mission and vision that have been set. The company’s strategies in all aspects, including the strategies based on the customer perspective, financial perspective, learning and growth perspective of the company. Thus the strategies that have been built are well linked and the casual chain is clear with completeness to the company’s main vision and mission. The one new objective that can be included to improve the performance of the company is to include a better learning and growth perspective for the employees. This is one of the only parts of the organisation that does not have importance to employee development. The organisation has been accused for a number of issues where the employees have been wrongly treated and the no importance has been given to employee development. Thus one of the major strategies that Wal – Mart should accommodate in their strategy is to provide emp loyees with a ground for learning and self

Company IT Upgrade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Company IT Upgrade - Essay Example History Christa group was established in 1988 and was incorporated into Delaware two years later. Since then they have acquired security companies like hightech security in 1998, dimension data in 2000 and many others. They have also worked with like-minded companies like technology associates in 1995, and breakthrough technologies in 1999 to mention but a few. They continue their operations guided by the Delaware state laws. Organizational chart PRESIDENT V.P FINANCE & PLANNING V.P SALES & MARKETING V.P OPERATIONS MANAGER ACCOUNTING MANAGER PLANNING MANAGER MARKETING MANAGER SALES MANAGER DEVELOPMENT MANAGER CONSULTANCY MANAGER HUMAN RESOURCE Departments The company has seven main departments namely; consultancy, development, human resource, sales, marketing, planning, and accounting. The planning department is responsible for formulating long term, short term, and annual development and financial plans for the company. The accounting department is responsible for keep records of re ceipts and expenditures in the company on a daily, monthly and yearly basis. These two departments are headed by the company’s vice president in charge of finance and planning. The human resource department is responsible for hiring members of staff; this involves attracting new employees and keeping all positions in the organizations filled with highly qualified and motivated staff. The consultancy department meets with prospective clients who have requested a new security system, and also look for opportunities i.e. other organizations that would require a new system or improvement of their existing one. This department is responsible for advising the clients accordingly. Another department is the development one responsible for development of the technical security solution suggested by the consultancy department. They also develop systems for individual use. These three departments are headed by the vice president of operations. Two departments under this section of the o rganization are responsible for generation of revenues for the company. The sales department is responsible for attracting and retaining of clients. The marketing department is responsible for the following four main tasks; Provide leadership on serving the clients better Support sales team and distribution partners Manage advertisement and promotions Manage client relations These two departments are under the overall leadership of the vice president sales and marketing. Mission statement To become a world leader in the provision of technical solutions to all our clients. Business model Our business model will outline our strategies to provide the best technical solutions to all our clientele. Our products are aimed at small medium and large organizations. To generate additional funds, advanced security systems for use by the general public will be developed. We have two main departments who will help the company achieve its goals namely; the consultancy department that will offer c onsultation services to our clients and the development department that will develop and implement the solutions provided by the consultation department for the clients. The development department will also be responsible for development of systems for personal use. In this particular case it is of paramount importance to know exactly what the targeted users want. This

Business Ethics; Multinational Companies and child labour Essay

Business Ethics; Multinational Companies and child labour - Essay Example This change lowers the return to education and raises the opportunity cost of an education, thereby stimulating child labour†. According to the article 32 of The United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of the Child  in 1990, â€Å"the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the childs education, or to be harmful to the childs health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development† (All India council of human rights, n.d.). This report shall look into three core principles; 1)How child labour causes problems to the development of children? 2) Why organizations are keen in encouraging child labour? and 3)Why parents take child labour lightly? The case of Nike and Disney shall be discussed as case studies in conjunction with the child labour issue in this report since these companies have met with severe criticism related to its policies towards child labour in the past. â€Å"Nike has been accused of using child labour in the production of its soccer balls in Pakistan† (NIKE: Nike Shoes and Child Labor in Pakistan, n.d.). â€Å"Disneys best-selling  Cars  toys are being made in a factory in China that uses child labour and forces staff to do three times the amount of overtime allowed by law† (Disney, Mattel and Wal-mart toy-maker accused of child labour, 2013). All India council of human rights, N.d. Child labour laws and initiatives. [Online] Available at: http://www.humanrightscouncil.in/index.php/component/k2/item/124-child-labour-laws-and-initiatives [Accessed 20 January 2014] Brown, D.K., Deardorff, A.V. and Stern, R.M. 2002. The determinants of child labour: Theory And Evidence. [Online] Available at: http://www.fordschool.umich.edu/rsie/workingpapers/Papers476-500/r486.pdf [Accessed 20 January 2014] Disney, Mattel and Wal-mart toy-maker accused of

Terrorism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Terrorism - Assignment Example The arson attack was made with the help of a gallon of gasoline, but there was no major damage done to the Church. In the same month, Ellison with another CSA member firebombed ‘the Beth Shalom synagogue’, which also did no major damage (Hamm, 2007, p. 102). On 2nd November, another failed attack was there by CSA members on the natural gas pipeline that ‘crossed the Red River between Mena and Texarkana, Arkansas’ (Hamm, 2007, p. 102). The CSA members used twenty-three sticks of dynamite to rupture it and expected a riot leading to their holy war, but the dynamites only dented the pipeline. Later on, facing the shortage of money, Ellison guided small groups of his followers to do shoplifting, stealing vehicles and doing other kind of robberies for funds generation. Snell and Thomas, two active members of CSA robbed a pawnshop in Texarkana and during their robbery, Snell murdered a proprietor considering him a Jew, while he was not (Hamm, 2007). The CSA was recognized as a Christian extremist group using military training and weaponry to spread terror. The group kept an extremist religious ideology that claimed their superiority over other races. The whole group had racist ideologies due to which, their targeted other religious and social groups. Richard Snell, an active and racist CSA member brutally killed Louis Bryant, a Black and an Arkansas State Trooper on June 30, 1984. After the incident, Snell escaped from the crime scene and upon finding himself circulated by police officers later on, he opened fire on them, after which, he was shot and taken into custody. The investigative team of Oklahoma Bureau of Investigation found weapons, hatred literature from his vehicle and some other future targeted people’s documents (Wong, 2011). The government paid utmost attention to the extremists group and the FBI and other law enforcement agencies categorized CSA as a serious domestic threat

Identify the main sources of foreign currency risk confronting an Essay

Identify the main sources of foreign currency risk confronting an international firm and evaluate different techniques that you think may be most appropriate i - Essay Example It can be seen that due to the volatile and unpredictable nature of the forex markets during times of political or economic crisis both these markets carry a considerable risk for the multinational firms. The preceding discussion will assess the types of strategies which can be used to avoid these risks and their feasibility in the short and long term. This involves the transfer of the transaction exposure to another company through the technique asking them to pay for a product in your currency so that they have to bear the transaction exposure resulting from forex uncertainty on their own. Another technique would be to price the export in the local currency of the other firm and demand payment immediately in which case the current spot rate will determine the value in your own currency of the export.4 A second way of minimising transaction risk is "netting out", and this technique is very helpful for foreign multinationals with large business concerns who do frequent and sizeable amounts of foreign currency transactions. In this way unexpected exchange rate charges will essentially "net out" over many different transactions. This is mainly because when payments and receipts are in many different currencies as this will spread the risks and there might even be a chance of profit.. Although transaction exposure cannot be completely netted away ,the company is better off making a small in one area of trade that a large loss overall if it literally "puts all its eggs in one basket". Compared to hedging this may even be a safer way of avoiding forex risks. Hedging strategies (aimed at reducing short-term transaction exposures of roughly less than a year.5) Forward Contracts This is probably one of the most direct methods of handling hedging risks. The obvious advantage of this is to prevent the company from suffering any loss through a depreciating or appreciating currency because the payment has already been made to a bank. The problem however is that small businesses are often discouraged by banks in this option because of the increased risk that the banks in collecting back the money Futures contracts Another option of hedging transaction exposure is with futures market hedge which is a lot similar to the above method .The difference begins when a short sale of a future contract puts the business in a position opposed to that of a business owning the futures contract. This happens because an increase in the value of the contract causes a loss to the company. 6When the futures contract decreases in value, it gains that amount. Another problem is that any losses in

Business Ethics; Multinational Companies and child labour Essay

Business Ethics; Multinational Companies and child labour - Essay Example This change lowers the return to education and raises the opportunity cost of an education, thereby stimulating child labour†. According to the article 32 of The United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of the Child  in 1990, â€Å"the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the childs education, or to be harmful to the childs health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development† (All India council of human rights, n.d.). This report shall look into three core principles; 1)How child labour causes problems to the development of children? 2) Why organizations are keen in encouraging child labour? and 3)Why parents take child labour lightly? The case of Nike and Disney shall be discussed as case studies in conjunction with the child labour issue in this report since these companies have met with severe criticism related to its policies towards child labour in the past. â€Å"Nike has been accused of using child labour in the production of its soccer balls in Pakistan† (NIKE: Nike Shoes and Child Labor in Pakistan, n.d.). â€Å"Disneys best-selling  Cars  toys are being made in a factory in China that uses child labour and forces staff to do three times the amount of overtime allowed by law† (Disney, Mattel and Wal-mart toy-maker accused of child labour, 2013). All India council of human rights, N.d. Child labour laws and initiatives. [Online] Available at: http://www.humanrightscouncil.in/index.php/component/k2/item/124-child-labour-laws-and-initiatives [Accessed 20 January 2014] Brown, D.K., Deardorff, A.V. and Stern, R.M. 2002. The determinants of child labour: Theory And Evidence. [Online] Available at: http://www.fordschool.umich.edu/rsie/workingpapers/Papers476-500/r486.pdf [Accessed 20 January 2014] Disney, Mattel and Wal-mart toy-maker accused of

Identify the main sources of foreign currency risk confronting an Essay

Identify the main sources of foreign currency risk confronting an international firm and evaluate different techniques that you think may be most appropriate i - Essay Example It can be seen that due to the volatile and unpredictable nature of the forex markets during times of political or economic crisis both these markets carry a considerable risk for the multinational firms. The preceding discussion will assess the types of strategies which can be used to avoid these risks and their feasibility in the short and long term. This involves the transfer of the transaction exposure to another company through the technique asking them to pay for a product in your currency so that they have to bear the transaction exposure resulting from forex uncertainty on their own. Another technique would be to price the export in the local currency of the other firm and demand payment immediately in which case the current spot rate will determine the value in your own currency of the export.4 A second way of minimising transaction risk is "netting out", and this technique is very helpful for foreign multinationals with large business concerns who do frequent and sizeable amounts of foreign currency transactions. In this way unexpected exchange rate charges will essentially "net out" over many different transactions. This is mainly because when payments and receipts are in many different currencies as this will spread the risks and there might even be a chance of profit.. Although transaction exposure cannot be completely netted away ,the company is better off making a small in one area of trade that a large loss overall if it literally "puts all its eggs in one basket". Compared to hedging this may even be a safer way of avoiding forex risks. Hedging strategies (aimed at reducing short-term transaction exposures of roughly less than a year.5) Forward Contracts This is probably one of the most direct methods of handling hedging risks. The obvious advantage of this is to prevent the company from suffering any loss through a depreciating or appreciating currency because the payment has already been made to a bank. The problem however is that small businesses are often discouraged by banks in this option because of the increased risk that the banks in collecting back the money Futures contracts Another option of hedging transaction exposure is with futures market hedge which is a lot similar to the above method .The difference begins when a short sale of a future contract puts the business in a position opposed to that of a business owning the futures contract. This happens because an increase in the value of the contract causes a loss to the company. 6When the futures contract decreases in value, it gains that amount. Another problem is that any losses in

Bias in Abstinence-Only Education Essay Example for Free

Bias in Abstinence-Only Education Essay In addition to being an ineffective deterrent to unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, abstinence only education prevents young women from making well informed decisions about their sexuality.   Cases of teen pregnancy and STD/HIV infections is on the rise despite the government allocating funds for abstinence only programs.   This paper seeks to look at the government policies with regard to abstinence-only education programs and its relationship with unwanted pregnancies. It is a known fact that sexual abstinence is being practiced in all countries in the world as a sure way of preventing sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy.    Men and women of all ages who are not ready to accept the risks that accompany sexual activity embrace abstinence which is a normal and acceptable practice.   As a way of expressing love, affection and tenderness, majority resort to intercourse and sexual activity. Sex is also being used by couples to strengthen their relationships.   However, it has often been argued that using sex to cement relationships can distort one’s judgment.   Among women, having sex may strengthen the feeling of love but do not actually cement or deepen the relationship. Exploring sexual behavior within an environment of deep commitment where having children is considered as a possibility is always rewarding.   Majority of people are however not prepared for commitment hence opt for abstinence until they develop a stable relationship. Abstinence is 100% effective in protecting an individual from sexually transmitted.   However, if the majority of the population could realize its effectiveness, then we would not be having such headlines like the ones we have seen in the past of teen births being on the rise.   However, abstinence is not an easy practice considering how strong sexual drives are among humans. The rate of teen births steadily declined since 1991 and this could have been because of the intensive educational campaigns that were initiated during that period.   These campaigns included encouraging people to use contraceptives and condoms and enlightening people on the risks of Aids and sexually transmitted diseases.   However, today statistics now show an increase by 3% in teen births the first time ever in 14 years. (Wilson, Kelly, Patricia,2005) Is it that the sex education programs that the government adopted are no longer working? The government has tried to show some effort in curbing STDs and unwanted pregnancies. The first federal abstinence-only program was enacted in 1981 and this was designed primarily to support pregnant and parenting teenagers.   This came through the adolescent Family Life Act which was also passed the same year. AFLA also funded â€Å"abstinence-only† programs meant to encourage responsibility and self discipline among teenagers (Abstinence Only Programs 2008, p.2). Abstinence-only program’s purpose was to teach the general population and especially the teenagers how they stand to gain from abstinence. It also sought to teach abstinence from pre-marital to all schooling children.   The abstinence-only program was supposed to teach the values of abstinence with regard to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.   According to this program, the expected standard of human sexual activity revolved around a mutually faithful monogamous relationship.   However, with all these well clarified goals, current scientific research shows that this program is ineffective. A study of ‘abstinence-only-until marriages’ program inferred that the classes fail to serve its goal of delaying the onset of sexual activity the young people.   An evaluation of 11 of these programs showed that they do not have a lasting positive effect on the asexual behavior of young people (Ibid 4).   Instead of a positive effect on the young people they showed a negative willingness to use contraceptive because the program emphasized on contraceptive failure. It has often been reiterated that abstinence-only programs endanger the youths because adolescents are denied complete information.   These programs fail to provide contraception information and in some cases, they have been accused of providing wrong information which may lead to youths forgoing contraceptive use. Teens are exposed to pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases because of lack of responsible sex education.   Only safer sex intervention can reduce unprotected sexual intercourse as compared to abstinence only programs.   The Federal Fund for abstinence -only programs have negatively influenced schools.   Avery good example involves the Gloucester High school in Massachusetts with the summer vacations beginning 17 girls at the school are expecting babies (Kathleen Kingsbury, Wednesday June 18, 2008). This proves further the failure of the program to curb pre-marital pregnancies.   In order to reduce the prevalence of this at the school a local pediatrician advocated for the prescription of contraceptives.   However, this has been met with hostility.   Amazingly it is the desire of these teens to get pregnant and this only proves how distorted their perception towards life is.

Effect of Liquid Tumeric Extract on Carcass Production

Effect of Liquid Tumeric Extract on Carcass Production The effect of liquid tumeric extract supplementation on carcass production and chemical quality of broiler meat M. Hidayat, Zuprizal, Sundari, A. Kurniawati, A. K. Wati and A. Kusmayadi ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to find out the effects of liquid turmeric extract (LTE) supplementation as a phytobiotic on carcass production and chemical quality of broiler chicken meat. The research is conducted with a directional pattern completely randomized design. Eighty-four broiler chickens were raised from day old (DOC) to 42 days old chick. From DOC to 14 days old chicks were fed with commercial feed (ME 3,100 kcal/kg; CP 22%; Ca 1%; P 0.75%). During 15-21 days of age given a commercial feed mixture and basal feed (ME 3,201.77 kcal/kg; CP 20.21%; Ca 0.90%; and P 0.43%). At 22-42 days old given treatments. Seven treatments were replicated 3 times consisted of 4 broiler chickens for each replication. The treatments were positive control (P1), negative control (P2), water + LTE 2% (P3), water + LTE 4% (P4), water + LTE 6% (P5), water + LTE 8% (P6), and water + LTE 10% (P7). The results showed that LTE 10% significantly decreased (P0.05) on the carcass weight, carcass percen tage, meat protein and fat content. Keywords: broiler chicken, phytobiotic, liquid turmeric extract, carcass production, meat INTRODUCTION The contribution of Indonesias animal farm in providing sufficient feed as a source of animal protein, especially meat, greatly depends on poultry meat, more specifically broiler meat. Data from the Badan Pusat Statistik (2015) reveal that the average production of broiler meat in Indonesia from 2012 until 2014 was 52.03% of total national meat production with a broiler meat consumption of 86 g/capita/week, so that Indonesian society will lose more than half of animal protein feed from domesticated meat whenever there is no production of broiler meat. Broilers in Indonesia usually are reared using antibiotics as a feed additive produced by local feed companies in Indonesia. The antibiotics added in feed are usually used as a treatment and prevention of infections (Barton, 2000) and growth promoter (Barton, 2000; Dono, 2012; Daud et al., 2007; Hartadi et al., 2008) to improve the growth of broilers. Dono (2012) clarified that the effect of growth promoting antibiotics is strongly correlated with its ability to inhibit pathogenic microbes in the digestive tract. As a consequence, by inhibiting the growth of pathogens and reducing the toxic compounds from bacteria metabolism, it can stimulate the digestive efficiency and support the acceleration of the growth. In addition, according to Ajit et al. (2016), the beneficial effects of using antibiotics include the thickening of the intestine which leads to more nutrient absorption. Antibiotics that are frequently used as growth promoters include zinc bacitracin (Daud et al., 2007; Bintan g et al., 2008), oxytetracycline (Hintono et al., 2007), virginiamycin (Sinurat et al., 2009), flavomycin (Ashayerizadeh et al., 2009; Gunal et al., 2006), and enrofloksasin (Widiastuti, 2008). However, using antibiotics as a growth promoter in feed has various deficiencies. Widiastuti (2008) explained that the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter produces antibiotic residue in broiler liver, breast, and thigh meat. Antibiotic residue tends to be dangerous when considering that the antibiotics used in poultry are the same as those used by humans. Several kinds of medicinal plants can beused as antibiotic replacements in poultry. This is caused by the presence of active compounds in the plants that have a positive effect on the human bodys health. Turmeric is one of the plant containing curcumin that functions as anti- bacteria (Rahmawati et al., 2015; Fitoni et al., 2013). Bhawana et al. (2011) stated that the curcumin anti-bacteria working mechanism is examined with a transmission electron micrograph (TEM) analysis, which reveals that these particles enter bacteria cell walls by completely damaging the cell walls, resulting in cell death. The presence of this curcumin anti- bacteria characteristic is expected to have the same function as an antibiotic characteristic in inhibiting pathogenic bacteria in the small intestine, which will then result in better broiler growth. Curcumin, according to Prasanth et al. (2012), also has an antihiperlipidemic function. They elaborated further that curcumin has a derivative compound from the hydrogenation process that is called tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), which is an antioxidative substance that possesses an anti-hyperlipidemic effect by reducing peroxide lipids and lipid compounds (cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and phospholipid). This function will be beneficial when considering that broiler have a high fat content, so that the presence of additional curcumin is expected to be able to improve the carcass quality by reducing the broiler meat fat content. The curcumin active compound still has a deficiency related to its minimal systemic bioavailability (absorption) in digestion (Sundari, 2014). Other compounds need to be added in turmeric extract to optimize the function of curcumin. Research by Sundari (2014) shows that adding the compounds chitosan and sodium tripoliphosfate (STPP) are known to be able to cover the weaknesses of curcumin in the digestion process. Chitosan functions to improve the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin, while STPP acts to stabilize turmeric extract and chitosan by performing as a cross-linker. Sundari (2014) also reported that the formulation of turmeric extract + chitosan + STPP with turmeric extract dissolvent and ethanol dissolvent produces high production cost of Rp 6,060.00/g, so that water could replace ethanol to reduce the production cost. The purpose of this research is to discover the influence of adding liquid turmeric extract as a phytobiotic towards carcass production and broiler meat chemical quality as well as to find out the best concentration of liquid turmeric extract to produce carcass production and broiler meat chemical quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Instruments The instruments used in this research consisted of a group of 21 square cages measuring p x l x t = 80 x 50 x 50 cm, a chicken scale, food containers, drink containers, a thermometer and room hygrometer, a chicken and feed scale, a 500 ml measuring glass, a 50 ml measuring glass, a set of chicken slaughtering equipment, and a set of meat proximate chemical analysis equipment. Materials The materials used in this research were one day old chicks (DOC) of male broilers, commercial feed, starter and finisher broiler formulation basal feed, drinking water, vitamins, ND 1 and ND 2 vaccines, fumigation material, fresh turmeric, chitosan, citric acid, and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Process of Making Liquid Turmeric Extract The steps of making liquid turmeric extract were as follows: 1) fresh turmeric was peeled; 2) the peeled turmeric was bleached with citric acid solution of 0.05% until it was all submerged in a temperature of 100oC for 5-10 minutes, and then it was thinly sliced; 3) the sliced turmeric was then mixed with distilled water and blended (a mixture of 400 g of fresh turmeric dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water); 4) the blended turmeric was then filtered, the dregs separated, and put through a filtrate; 5) the turmeric extract filtrate was then added with 5 g of chitosan that had previously been dissolved in a 400 ml buffer of pH 4 citric acid using magnetic stirrer; 6) the extract filtrate of turmeric + chitosan was added with 2.5 g of STPP, which previously had already been dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water using magnetic stirrer. In vivo Test of Liquid Turmeric Extract Male broilers were raised for 42 days. From day old chick (DOC) to 14 days of age, thebroilers were given commercial feed with ME nutrient content of: 3,100 Kcal/kg; CP 22%; Ca 1%; P 0.75%. From 15 to 21 days of age, the broilers were given commercial feed and starter basal feed (Table 1) to adapt with the consumption of basal feed that was free of antibiotics, so that it could all be used in basal feed when given turmeric extract. Eighty-four broilers of 22 days old were divided randomly into 7 treatment groups. Each treatment consisted of 3 replications with 4 broiler in every replication. The treatments were applied for 21 days until the chickens reached 42 days old. The broiler grower basal feed (Table 1) was given ad libitum during the treatments. Seven treatments were differentiated based on the addition of turmeric extract in the drinking water, including: T1: positive control (water + antibitotic Zinc Bacitracin 12 mg /1000 ml) T2: negative control (water) T3: water + 2% liquid turmeric extract T4 : water + 4% liquid turmeric extract T5 : water + 6% liquid turmeric extract T6 : water + 8% liquid turmeric extract T7 : water + 10% liquid turmeric extract Parameters Observed Parameter observed included carcass production (slaughter weight, carcass weight, and carcass percentage) and meat chemical quality (water content, meat protein content, and meat fat content). The slaughter weight was obtained by weighing the chickens before being slaughtered. Two broilers were slaughtered in every replication of each treatment. The carcass weight was obtained by slaughtering the chickens until all the blood was removed and then separated from the feathers, head, internal organs, and feet, then it was weighed. The carcass percentage was obtained by dividing the carcass weight by the slaughter weight and multiplied by 100%. Meat from the right thigh was sampled and blended for chemical analysis included water content, crude protein content, and crude fat content using AOAC (2005). Data were analyzed with a directional pattern method using SPSS-16 program, and if there was a significant difference (P The slaughter weight of broilers given liquid turmeric extract and positive control (T1) were relatively higher compared to those of broilers in the negative control treatment (T2), which was only given plain drinking water. The results revealed that broilers given liquid turmeric extract with a dosage of 8% (T6) produced the highest slaughter weight and those given turmeric extract dosage of 10% (T7) produced the lowest slaughter weight. Fitoni et al. (2013) reported that turmeric with a curcumin active compound could inhibit the growth of coliform bacteria with a total of 108 cfu colonies compared with treatment without turmeric that contained more than 300 cfu of coliform bacteria. The curcumin antibacterial mechanism was that these particles entered the bacteria cell walls by completely damaging the cell walls, so that it resulted in the cell death (Bhawana et al., 2011). There was an inhibition of pathogen bacteria, resulting in a reduction of nutrients in the intestine that were eaten by the pathogen bacteria, so that the absorbed nutrition by intestinal villi increased. The research also showed that giving a 10% dosage of liquid turmeric extract (T7) could reduce the broiler slaughter weight, after the previous T6 (dosage of 8%) showed the highest    *Nutritional requirements needs standards for 3-6  week old broiler chickens (NRC, 1994): protein 20%; Lys 1.0%; Met 0.38%; energy 3,200 kcal/kg,  Ca 0.9%; P av 0.35%. ** Masamix composition per kilogram: vit A 810000 IU, D3 212000 ICU, E 1.8g, K3 0.18g, B1 0.112g, B2 0.288g, B6 0.3g, B12 0.0036 g, Co 0.028 g, Cu 0.5g, Fe 6.0g; Mn 6g; Iod 0.1g; Zn 5g, Se 0.025g, DL-Met 212.5g, L-Lys 31g, Folic Acid 0.11g, As. panthotenat 0.54g. Niacin (vit B3) 2.16g, CholinCl 60% 75g. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Carcass Production The broiler carcass production included slaughter weight, carcass weight, and carcass percentage, are presented in Table 2. Slaughter Weight The slaughter weight of broilers given liquid turmeric generally had the same as those of  slaughter weight. The same research results were reported by Pratikno (2010) that giving a turmeric extract dosage of 400 mg/kg body weight had the highest body weight (2,320.833 g). However, giving a turmeric extract dosage of 600 mg/kg body weight actually reduced the body weight (2,251.667 g). Curcumin was found to experience a character shift from an antioxidant to become a prooxidant when it was given in a high dosage (Saefudin et al., 2014). Research by Syamsudin et al. (2006) revealed that giving a curcumin dosage of 3,600  µM in rat liver mitochondria isolate reduced the glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activity compared with the curcumin dosage of 60 µM which was lower. The lower GR activity could be caused by an accumulation of free radical metabolites. The free radical compound could originate from curcumin which had a trait shift to become a prooxidant in a high dosage. The body need more energy to detoxify free radical compounds. The amount of energy needed  would increase the  total metabolizable energy  in broiler chicken blood (Sundari, 2014), so that it would reduce the feed consumption, resulting in a decrease of body weight. The decrease of body weight was proven from research conducted by Kusmayadi (2015), who found that the feed intake of broil er given 10% dosage of liquid turmeric extract was only 3,285 g compared to those of broiler given 8% dosage of liquid turmeric extract (3,723 g). The lower feed intake caused the insufficient broiler nutrient needs in terms of quantity, so that the growth disrupted and the body weight decrease. Table 2. Carcass Production of Broilers Given Liquid Turmeric Extract in Drinking Water  Mean at the same column with different superscript indicate significantly different (P Treatments Slaughter Weight (g) Carcass Weight (g) Carcass Percentage T1 2,917.7+ 87.36b 2,101.2+ 77.81 72.01+1.38 T2 2,774.7+126.82ab 1,974.2+127.27 71.13+2.75 T3 2,832.7+193.90b 2,105.3+206.88 74.45+7.27 T4 2,761.2+210.59b 1,987.3+148.04 72.24+6.57 T5 2,816.3+ 31.00b 2,031.3+ 78.30 72.14+2.92 T6 2,931.8+ 62.11b 2,003.0+ 69.00 68.32+1.79 T7 2,644.2+178.51a 1,869.2+161.77 71.02+8.56 Carcass Weight and Dressing Percentage The carcass weight and dressing percentage did not show a significant difference (Pet al. (2009) that the final body weight was equivalent with the carcass weight. Carcass reflected body part of the broiler production (Resnawati, 2004) and the carcass percentage reflected the size of the broiler carcass. Meat Chemical Quality The results of the broiler meat chemical quality, which are included protein content, fat content, and meat water content are presented in Table 3. Meat Protein Content The broiler meat protein content, which was  supplemented with 2% to 10% doses of turmeric extract in drinking water generally had the same protein content compared to the positive control and negative control with a range of 21.49 to 23.94%. Six-week old male broiler meat protein content was ranged from 20.21 to 22.08% (Soeparno, 2011), so that this results were relatively normal. Sundari (2014) explained that by giving turmeric extract, it would increase the nutrient absorption capacity, including protein, in the small intestine. Turmeric extract as a phytobiotic was also found to accelerate nutrient metabolism in cells (Pratikno, 2010). A smooth metabolism could be due to the curcumin activity in turmeric extract, which functions as an imunomodulator or antibody system (Dono, 2013). Jamilah et al. (2013) stated that good broiler immunity caused protein to be used to repair cell tissues, so that a high amount of protein was deposited inside meat. On another side, the bodys low immunity causes protein to be mostly used to repair cell tissues as well as form antibodies. Increasing the protein deposit in meat will be used for growth and not to increase the percentage of meat protein. Meat Fat Content The broiler meat fat content, which was supplemented with turmeric extract in drinking water with a dosage of 2% to 10%, generally had the same fat content (P>0.05) as positive control or negative control did. Sundari (2014) reported that giving turmeric extract could increase the fat nutrient absorption in the small intestine. This reflecting that fat which was absorbed in the body  would increase and deposited in the body, including meat in the form of intramuscular fat. Linder (1992) added that body fat also came from the conversion of excess glucose. On another side, Estancia  et al.  (2011) explain that curcumin had increased lipid catabolism to decrease lipid in the body. In this research, the increase of lipid metabolism did not occur due to the ration which was fulfilled with energy from glucose. This sufficiency caused the fat unable to breakdown to become physical or heat energy, so that there was no reduction in broiler meat fat content.   Table 3. Meat Chemical Content of Broiler Chickens Given Liquid Turmeric Extract in Drinking Water Treatments Protein content (%) Fat content (%) Water content (%)* T1 23.44+0.07 0.98+0.20 73.08+0.57b T2 21.49+3.00 1.74+0.23 73.41+0.33b T3 22.47+0.34 1.80+0.52 72.91+0.42b T4 22.73+0.49 2.21+0.68 73.14+0.84b T5 23.93+0.41 1.41+0.23 73.07+0.77b T6 23.74+0.33 2.13+0.51 71.80+0.80a T7 23.94+0.43 1.78+1.20 71.96+0.43a Mean at the same column with different superscript indicate significantly different (P Meat Water Content The meat water content of broiler which were given liquid turmeric extract revealed significant differences among the treatments (P In vitro research which was conducted by Sundari (2014), revealed that the addition of turmeric extract could improve the digestion of dry matter, protein, and fat, because of the increase in number and height of intestinal villi,  so that the area of the intestinal villi surface to absorb nutrients increased. A greater number of absorbed nutrients and better metabolism process because of the curcumin caused higher deposited nutrients in the meat, so that the dry matter of meat increased and the meat water content decreased. CONCLUSION Providing liquid turmeric extract in the dossage 2% to 8% had the similar results of slaughter weight. Providing liquid turmeric extract (8 to 10%) can also reduce the water content in broiler meat. However, using liquid turmeric extract with a 10% of dosage has a negative effect in the reduction of the slaughter weight. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS An expression of gratitude is conveyed to the General Directorate of Higher Education, the UGM Animal Science Faculty academic community, and especially to the UGM Animal Science Students Study Forum (FOSMAPET) for their assistance in conducting the field research. REFERENCES AOAC. 2005. Official Method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist. 12th Edition. Published by the Association of Official Analytical Chemist. 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