The Effect Of Sound On A Film Scene - 1353 Words

Muhaimin R. Moin Prof. Kimberly Cox EGL 194 8 March 2015 Effect of Sound on a Film Scene Sound and music in the cinematic context is an effective means of means of communication. Motion picture soundtrack, sound effects, background music, diegetic and non-diegetic sound can supplement, enhance and expand upon the meaning of the film’s narrative. The overlap and interaction of dialogue, sound effects, atmospheric sound, score music and silence create a harmonious and synchronized counterpoint to the image of the scene. Music in a film creates a point of experience for the spectator. Patterns of tension and release exemplified by the sound of the scene provide a sense of organization, connection and meaning to the audience. In my short clip from 12 years a Slave I have used music as a part of cinematic diagesis as well as a means of communication to my audience the psychological drama of the narrative at the subconscious level. Sound in a scene can communicate meaning and give life to a moving image. As I created the music for the scene I had certain intentions as a director and composer which required the construction of a multifaceted soundtrack to convey the narrative of the scene. The music is chosen and composed to elicit emotional response and ways in which it can convey the dramatic intentions of the film narrative. As music can convey the scope of a film, I used music in my scene to show it as an epic drama. I tried to use sound in my scene is such a way so as to notShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Hero the Film by Zhang Yimou1476 Words   |  6 Pagesthrilling film Hero is both an emotional and exhilarating experience. Hero combines the use of action-packed scenes as well as a beautiful love story. Nameless, Broken Sword and Flying Snow, the main characters, team up to eventually kill the King of Qin who had murdered a number of people with the Qin army including both Flying Snow and Nameless’s father. Although the Qin army is an enemy of Broken Sword and Flying Snow’s people, it is a personal issue to assassinate the king. Throughout the film theRead More The Horror Genre Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pageswritten or filmed about. In this essay, I will be concentrating on films, and how the horror genre is included in them. The main ingredients in a horror film are music, sound effects, lighting, camera trickery special effects and most importantly a clever, catchy, scary script. But to make horror what it is, a director will include many other things that create suspense and the eerie atmosphere of the scene, or simply make us cringe. The prop are not just there to fill spaceRead MoreWizard of Oz1349 Words   |  6 Pagesmise en scà ¨ne and sound to create an immense sequence of dream imagery, particularly in the second to last scene where Dorothy is at the point of going back to Kansas. This scene is distinctly significant in terms of mise en scà ¨ne and sound as it concludes the film and highlights the themes that have been revealed throughout, giving a clearer message to the film’s audience. The mise en scà ¨ne is used to describe what it is the frame and why it is there. The scene near the end of the film where DorothyRead MoreCritical Analysis of the Opening Extract of Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet1107 Words   |  5 Pages way in his film Romeo and Juliet. The point of this essay is to analyse them in the opening extract. The presentational devices are: sound; mise en scene; and cinematography. The elements of mise en scene are: why things are placed where they are; what the characters are wearing; body language and facial expression. Sound is quite obvious but there are many different types: Diegetic is sound which is heard as part of the film world; non-diegetic is sound which we do not Read MoreFilm Analysis : Sunrise 1527 Words   |  7 Pagesmost exciting moment is the moment when I add the sound†¦ At this moment, I tremble.† (Akira Kurosawa) Sound is arguably the most important concept in cinema studies, being there ever since the beginnings. It can radically change the way a motion picture is looked at and it can render what the director may sometimes find hard to depict using only his camera. Looking upon silent cinema one discovers an era which wasn’t at all silent, but rich in sound of different forms, from the simple narration ofRead MoreAnalysis of The First Film with Basic Sounds887 Words   |  4 Pages1. Introduction â€Å"Hearing is believing†, as the potential motto of all sound practitioners inteprets, sound has played a great part in our daily life, so as in the world of film. The first film with basic sound showed up in the year of 1900 in Paris. Though the technique is quite juvenile, it is indeed a breakthrough in the film history. The first film with synchronous sound, which is actually the real sound film as we recognized, is ‘The light of New York’ published at 1928 by the Vitaphone CorporationRead MoreEssay on The Sounds of Rebel Without a Cause898 Words   |  4 Pagesmusic in New York and Europe. His work as a film composer and arranger is very traditional, and has been regarded by some music critics as insignificant. However, Rosenman received Academy Awards and Oscar nominations for his work. Along with film scores, Rosenman wrote theme music and scores for numerous television shows. The score in Rebel Without A Cause is much like another film starring James De an, East of Eden. The sounds and music in this film are very realistic, and to the point. ThereRead MoreCinematography Is an Integral Part of Motion Pictures Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesWithin this context, Russell Carpenter’s role as the cinematographer of the film Titanic is important. For instance, his attitude towards cinematography, especially his tireless effort to attain perfection contributed to the success of the film. In the film, Carpenter’s co-operation with art department and visual effects department deeply influenced his role in the film as a cinematographer. During the production of the film, Cameron’s initial idea did not clash with Carpenter’s personal idea on cinematographyRead MoreThe Good Son Directed By Joseph Ruben1629 Words   |  7 Pagesfor any person is the study of human psychology and behavior. Psychological thrillers films are a sub-genre of thrillers films and are extremely popular. Psychological thrillers have been around since before 19 40s. Some of the most famous psychological thriller films include Fight Club, Black Swan, Psycho, Shutter Island, and many more. Despite the astounding technical aspects in the Psychological Thriller film, The Good Son directed by Joseph Ruben, some believe an ethical issue may have ruinedRead MoreFilm Analysis : Gun Crazy1472 Words   |  6 PagesFilm noir is a famous era of filmmaking that defined the cinematic experience in Hollywood for a whole decade. No film can correctly represent such a influential cinematic era like Gun Crazy directed by Joseph H. Lewis. Gun Crazy is a unique expression of film noir of the 1950s that utilizes many cinematic elements in unparalleled ways to tell its story in a distinct fashion. Lewis uses cinematic techniques such as lighting, composition, editing, music, and mise-en-scene of the opening sequence

Allegory of the Cave vs The Matrix Essay - 1473 Words

Imagine living through life completely bound and facing a reality that doesn’t even exist. The prisoners in Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† are blind from true reality as well as the people in the movie â€Å"The Matrix† written and directed by the Wachowski brothers. They are given false images and they accept what their senses are telling them, and they believe what they are experiencing is all that really exists. Plato the ancient Greek philosopher wrote â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†, to explain the process of enlightenment and what true reality may be. In the movie â€Å"The Matrix†, Neo (the main character) was born into a world of illusions called the matrix. His true reality is being controlled by the puppet- handlers called the machines who†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave,† Plato also stated that eventually one of the prisoners, who Plato would say was the philosopher or intellectual, would break free from the cave and into the outside world. The one prisoner that Plato refers to, would also reflect Neo in â€Å"The Matrix† when he in being released from his pod that the machines have created. Once the prisoner of the cave has broken free he can now look all around him, and see the objects as they really are and the people carrying them as well. While in the movie â€Å"The Matrix†, Neo is using is own eyes for the first time and sees that he is actually living in a human factory. In Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† he states that the freed prisoner would be shocked by the outside world, he would not be able to see the realities that he was used to deep in the shadows of the cave. The prisoner would try to think that what he saw and experienced before was truer than what is he sees now. When Neo is revived from being detached from the pod, Morpheus tells him what state the world is in now and Neo is in a state of disarray and denial. Thi s new knowledge of the truth, overwhelmed Neo so much that he vomited and passed out. The released prisoner in â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† might feel that what he is seeing was the illusion and shadows on the wallShow MoreRelatedThe Matrix And Allegory Of The Cave Analysis769 Words   |  4 Pagesboth The Matrix and Allegory of the Cave. The Matrix, written by Lana Wachowski illustrates many questions throughout. The main character, Neo, tries finding Morpheus in need of an answer to his question. What is the Matrix? Considering, Morpheus is the most dangerous man alive, he does all that he can to find him. Neo is approached by Trinity and led to the underworld to meet Morpheus. They soon realize that Neo is â€Å"The One† who can defeat the Matrix. Similarly,The Allegory of the Cave,which tookRead More A Comparison of The Matrix and Platos The Allegory of the Cave1838 Words   |  8 PagesComparison of The Matrix and Platos The Allegory of the Cave In the movie The Matrix we find a character by the name of Neo and his struggle adapting to the truth...to reality. This story is closely similar to an ancient Greek text written by Plato called The Allegory of the Cave. Now both stories are different but the ideas are basically the same. Both Stories have key points that can be analyzed and related to one another almost exactly. There is no doubt that The Matrix was based off GreekRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesleast theoretically, have analyzed the film successively on all its levels. ** The word type is used here in the sense that one speaks, for example, of the ablative absolute as a type peculiar to Latin. A type in grammar is a productive analogical matrix. † Among the authors who have devised tables of montage, or classifications of various kinds—or who have studied separately a specific type of montage—I am indebted notably to Eisenstein, Pudovkin, Kuleshov, Timochenko, Bà ©la Balà ¡zs, Rudolf Arnheim

Tourism Management Free Essays

string(94) " the secondary method of research; the implemented strategic objectives can be pointed out 1\." ————————————————- Managing Adventure Sports Tourism Environments COURSE MODULE: TRM341 BA. HONS STRATAGIC TOURISM MANAGEMENT Word Counts ————————————————- Managing Adventure Sports Tourism Environments COURSE MODULE: TRM341 BA. HONS STRATAGIC TOURISM MANAGEMENT Word Counts Acknowledgement I would like to thank my lecturer Mr Li Yee for his guidance in this report. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Contents Acknowledgement1 Introduction3 Destination4 Implemented Strategies7 Effectiveness of Implemented Strategy10 Recommendations11 Conclusion18 References20 Introduction â€Å"Sports tourism can be defined as travels away from one’s primary residence to participate in sports activity for recreation or competition, travel to observe sport and grassroots or elite level. And travel to visit a sport attraction such as sports hall of fame or Water Park†. Gibson, Attle, Yiannakis, 1997) On the other hand adventure tourism can be simply defined as Recreational travel including variety of rugged activities for adventure. Adventures and sports tourism can benefit economies by providing a fast source of income for local government and community, supporting the sustaining improvement and protection for environment and encouraging culture exchange between the developed countries and the developing world. If the undeveloped tourism destination do not focus on their tourism, it will be really hard for them to improve their poor situation of economic, environment and culture. Adventure and sports tourists can be attract for a certain destination by looking at the facilities and environment of that place such as; hotels services, price of goods in the area, transport services, travel agencies, guides, airlines, social and cultural aspects of life and most important sustainable natural resources. Ralf Buckley, 2006) A tourism sports destination can be attractive for many reasons; different types sports activities in big city or some time big sports events in small cities, beautiful islands or beach, recreation activities, sports activities for family fun etc. most of all a unique atmosphere of sport and adventure. Destination In perspective of West Cambria sports and adventures tourism it provides to tourists; Attractions which related to sports such as sports theme park, hiking, bungee j umping etc. West Cambria tourism site has highest mountain such as scafell, including stunning coastline and wastwater, also resorts can be include with sports tourism activities. According to Cumbria tourism statistics, each year 35 million day trippers and 5 million overnight visitors spend their night; Cumbria is a place where tourists get a chance to attend all the sports events. As a developed and well established destination; the Ecological environment of sports and adventures tourism is not only about green tourism but also deeply related with socio culture with Cambria tourism. Naturally sustainable environment of sports and adventures tourism in west Cambria also socio-culturally respectful and have a huge effect on both the natural environment and the human population including man made tourism destination. Sustainable environment of west Cambria tourism often involves locals of remote areas experience and interacting with foreigners. Multi-Sport Activities: it is physical outdoor activities. Rafting, mountain biking, climbing, surfing, diving, etc. all offered in the same package. West Cambria tourism provides these sports facilities. Sports included in west Cambria: Angling, Archery, Athletics, Badminton, Baseball Softball, Basketball, Boccia, Bowls, Canoeing, Cricket, Cycling, Dance, Disability Sports, Fencing, Football, Golf, Gymnastics, Handball, Hockey, Judo, Netball, Orienteering, Outdoor Activities, rounder, Rowing, Rugby, Running, Sailing Windsurfing, Scuba Snorkelling, Snow sports, Squash Racket ball, Swimming, Table Tennis, Tennis, Triathlon, Volleyball, Walking Water, Polo, Weight Lifting and Wheelchair Basketball. The relationship between sustainable tourism and others As a sports destination Sports destination West Cumbria tourism has all the potentiality to be sustainable. According to West Cumbria adventure and sports tourism, relationship between ecological and socio cultural can be compare through their essential facts for each other; Ecological factors relate to socio cultural environment 1. Air quality of the area, 2. Transportation, Parking facilities 3. Pollution discharge process, 4. Water quality for sports activities, 5. Waste management facilities; 6. Land and Coastal resources etc. Socio-cultural fact relates to Ecological environment . Balanced population of the area, 2. Health care facilities for local and tourists. 3. Population employment patterns, job market freedom and locals attitudes to work, 4. Social attitudes and Lifestyle and cross cultural understanding. 5. Roman Heritage 6. Locals cultural activities interests on tourism 7. Financial services, investment 8. Resorts, hotel and camping services 9. Entertainment facility a nd tourist Information service provider. Adventure and sports tourism has brought people into contact with each other in west Cambria. As ecological tourism has an educational element it can foster understanding between people and cultures and provide socio-cultural exchange between hosts and tourists. This increases the chances for people to develop mutual sympathy and understanding and to reduce prejudices. A Socio cultural and ecological relationship has added more vitality of west Cambria communities in many ways. Such as; sports events and adventures activities of the local residents where they have been the primary participants and spectators. Often these are refreshed and developed in response to tourist interests. Implemented Strategies The West Cambria tourism is an award winning destination for tourism in 2011; it is also one of the most spectacular beaches in UK and an area that has been popular for many years. To develop Adventure and sports tourism Allerdale Borough Council and Carlisle Leisure limited on 1 April 2004 developed a sustainable tourism strategy. The aim was to balance the need to manage and stimulate sports tourism to the area with the need to avoid damaging the very natural assets on which the tourism industry depended. Interest in the idea of sustainable tourism is greatest in those countries where there is a high level of interest in sustainable development in general. † (John Swarbrooke, 1999) To ensure the strategy was tailored to the needs of the area, authorities engaged in a considerable amount of consultation prior to writing the document. This involved meetings with key stakeholders, National benchmarking survey of tourism authority; the result of this consul tation was that many valuable ideas generated via the process made it into the strategy and action plan. Following the secondary method of research; the implemented strategic objectives can be pointed out 1. You read "Tourism Management" in category "Essay examples" More visitors from outside the region 2. More overnight visitors 3. More business and high-value leisure visitors 4. More private sector tourism investment. Enhancing the West Cumbria tourism for residents and visitors to create: 1. World-class cultural/sport/leisure facilities 2. High standards of quality 3. Avenues for learning, business support and careers 4. Jobs and economic benefit through sports and adventure tourism 5. Sustainable development (environmentally, socially, economically) 6. Local and regional pride. Some of the tourism vision can be explained as follows; Performance of tourism businesses 1. To encourage businesses to invest in the range and quality of their facilities where required 2. To encourage the entire sector to value customer service and to invest in staff skills. Marketing promotions/Events and festivals The strategy focuses on sports events and festivals, in particular those that have the potential to attract new visitors to the region, generate short breaks and which also positively add to the image and profile of the West Cumbria region. Where possible these major events and festivals should reinforce other market growth opportunities. The strategy also recognises that locally distinct events can enhance sense of place, sense of community and add value to the visitor experience. They create new opportunities for visitor spends particularly for shopping and for eating and drinking. Collectively they can strengthen the regional events and festivals profile. Hospitality Services The restaurant, hotels, bar etc. rowth opportunity as being about the quality of the eating experience; the presentation of the food, the ambience of the eating out experience including genuine customer service. It may also be about local produce and the provenance of food. Destination management Implemented strategy can be explained as; 1. Working with local businesses to drive up quality, encourage use of local produce and enhance the customer service 2. To invest in the presentation and marketing of farmers markets and food and drink events 3 . To use food and drink as one ocus for destination marketing where it presents a strong and quality experience 4. To encourage all aspects of the food and drink sector that deal with consumers to value customer service and the skills of their staff and invest in them. West Cambria tourism implemented strategy can be summarised as; 1. provide all sports and adventures visitors a high quality, enjoyable and fulfilling experience 2. To ensure that tourism meets its potential as a driver of the local economy, bringing prosperity and jobs throughout the area 3. To ensure local communities are not adversely affected by tourism 4. To develop the appreciation of west Cambria distinctiveness as somewhere to live, work and visit 5. To encourage tourism enterprises, their suppliers and customers to reduce the impact of tourism on the environment. Implemented strategy can be summarised as; The objective is to retain the economic and social advantages of tourism development while reducing or mitigating any undesirable impacts on the natural, historic, cultural or social environment. Allerdale tourism council play an important role in ensuring the continued appeal of tourism in the tourist area. Effectiveness of Implemented Strategy Bruce J. Dierenfield (2003:p,212) Found that although there are numerous negative influence of hosting sport tourism because of the expected benefit for the community and local business often cause potential host community to ignore any negative impact that may occur. These include: putting the country in global world, showing the destination, promoting political system, creating new business, attracting investment, creating job and urban renewal including housing, and infrastructure will contribute to the development of the country, and benefit citizens over a long period of time. Positive sides: sports adventure tourism development plan for west Cambria, mainly focused local benefits; Current strategy can helps raise funds for environmental protection, research and education through a variety of mechanisms, sports events entrance fees, hotel, airline and airport taxes and voluntary contributions. The local community also can be benefited. The jobs created by tourism can act as a very important motivation to reduce emigration. Local people can also increase their influence on tourism development, as well as improve their job, earnings prospects, through tourism-related professional training, development of business and organisational skills. Sports tourism can bring people into contact with each other and, as tourism has an educational element, it can foster understanding between peoples and cultures and provide cultural exchange between hosts and guests. Because of this, the chances increase for people to develop mutual sympathy and understanding and to reduce their prejudices. Negative Sides: Sports tourism development can creates additional demand for land and competition from the growing potential buyers. The demand for more hotels and tourist facilities brings sources of income to builders, real estate agent and landowners but the local residents are forced to pay more for their homes and larger tax duties increase in land values. In addition, increasing demands for basic services and goods from tourists will often cause price hikes that negatively affect local residents whose income does not increase proportionately. On the other hand, the development of tourism may cause inflation in prices of goods. The issue with seasonal workers is another negative aspect. They face job insecurity, due to the completion of projects. Thus, there will be lack of guarantee of employment from one season to another. Recommendations Developed transportation: Sport-tourism is a powerful force for development that encourage investment in infrastructure projects such as airport , roads that can be enjoyed by local people as well as tourist who came to use them. Joy Standeven, Paul de Knop, 1999, p 66) Travel service providers in the tourist destination area, such as airlines, railways, and bus service need to be sufficient and well developed to avoid all sort of hassle might impact for tourist or destination. To achieve greater competitive advantage; transport companies should have a sophisticated planning; the transportation sector is always a large and growing market in UK tourism. Security and personal safety: Secu rity is a major issue for any tourism destination, for a large destination security sometime maybe it’s not enough to only depending on local police or community service. Private security services can be included, with modern camera technology, professionals to maintain successful tourism destination. The best course of action is to blend human security with technology. Managing adventure and sports safety remains an important topic to tourism industry. Perceived or real threats to sports person safety have immediate impacts on a destination’s reputation and can dramatically affect visitation. If visitor health and safety is not well managed, adverse incidents can significantly impact on the profitability and sustainability of an individual business, community or destination. So it’s should be a compulsory objective for tourism organiser to have sufficient safety services. Developed infrastructure: Tourist development indicates that infrastructure accordingly developed. The provision of infrastructure- the construction of roads, and the system of electricity supply, water supply and sewages disposal, hospital, churches, schools and shop become necessary when an area is developed for the tourism. Indeed, in regions away from the main cities, a kind of micro-urbanization has to take place to attract tourists who assemble in such places to escape environmental monotony of their workday in cities. The tourists are prepared to live in the clusters of cottages but at the same time they demand most of the modern comforts to which they are accustomed with the possibility of a shopping centre, amusements and services to be made available at hand. Capacity of accommodating sports tourists: Carrying capacity for tourism is similar in some ways to ecological carrying capacity and different in others. Ultimately, physical resources limit both population and tourist levels. A dearth of land, shortage of food, or decline in water quality and availability will quickly put the brakes on both types of growth. But for tourism, cultural resources are also a concern. A well-developed tourism destination should provide an efficient accommodated service for their tourists. Technology applied to the provision of sports and adventure activities: The technological environment plays a huge role and influence on the Sport-tourism through globalization due to the innovation of technological thought. For example the implication of restaurants and hotels has been joined by the technological strategy which connects the world through electronic business to exchange goods and services. Furthermore the internet has revolutionised the way executive and business partners operate and cash rings are replaced by credit and debit card payment system. This technological change will allow the use of electronic transfer fund to be more accurate on the information exchange and the target market (Weed et al, 2004: p, 33) Sport tourism may benefit from technological innovation such as currency exchange rate, details about accommodation, climate, culture, language, entertainment places, and requirement entry for visa. The technology infrastructure has opened a new way for Sport tourism to reach the outside world and enter to the competitive edge in the market share. (Devine et al, 2009: p, 17). As the technology evolves and develops within the Sport tourism, stakeholders will find themselves with clear opportunities and one challenge emerging from this will be to streamline and simplify the transaction and consumption of products. This will require looking at global shift in consumer attitudes, tracking new motivations or opportunity in order to communicate and convince consumers (Knowles et al, 2004: p, 32). Technological developments are increasing rapidly. New recreation products, such as all-terrain vehicles and wind surfers, provide new ways for people to satisfy their recreational preferences. New production Technologies and materials offer recreation and tourism businesses ways to reduce costs and improve the quality of their products/services. Advances in telecommunications have and will continue to create new promotional opportunities. Technological innovations, in relation to jobs and the home, have resulted in increased leisure time for many people. Nowadays sports have become a part of our life. Sports have become one of the best interests of the people. Indoor sports activities for tourism is very popular fast growing. Sports are mainly related with the physical element of the body such like running, throwing, jumping, sliding, hitting, shooting, catching etc. , and at present time all those sports are depending on technological supports, as technology helps to give a fair result in any sports competition as well as sports person safety. Technology applied in modern gym helps to improve physical stamina through different level of exercise. For example, Technology applied Sport tourism includes rafting, Para gliding, bungee jump with crane, sky diving, and many more. Provision of diversified activities Diversified activities for tourism destination can create opportunity for more profits in local business. A tourism destination diversification can be point out as; Tourist Accommodation: Bed and breakfast hotel, resorts, camping facilities or caravan sites. Tourist recreation: Trekking holidays, heritage attractions, sports events and festivals, mountain biking/walking routes, clay pigeon shooting, archery, quad biking . Strategies can be including for Successful development: 1. Seasonal sports tourism offer 2. Marketing on Sports and adventures tourism activities 3. Ensuring each year sports tourism events got different attractions 4. Identifying major activities what can bring more tourists 5. Infrastructure investment targeting diversified activities More activities can be added as west Cambria has a suitable for sports and adventures tourism; 1. Horseback riding 2. Hang gliding, 3. Ballooning, 4. Parachuting Professionalism of service staff The professionalism in sports and adventures tourism is very vital. Becoming sports trainer or guide for tourism activities increased responsibility for the profession; Most of the time a destination future depends on their professional services. Professionalism can create demand for sports tourism, as a well-trained sports guide or trainer does mistake in rare occasion and that attracts sports tourists. Political stability Political stability can create significant impact on any tourism industry; an unstable political condition can spoil major sports events, same time it can ruin the economic development of Destination. A stable optical situation can creates; good economy, jobs, use of resources and growth of development. The government significantly by their activities may seriously influence the economic and non-economic opportunities essential in the creation of the conditions that conduct to the development of a business. Whether the Sport tourism development is encouraged or blocked, depends very much on the government policy and political view. (Tom Hinch, James Higham, 2011 p 206) Economic status of the destination Foreign Exchange Earnings: The spending of traveller brings income to the hosting country and possibly will stimulate a significant investment to finance growth in other economic sectors. An important indicator of sports tourism development is it’s generate foreign exchange earnings The economic impact of tourism is massive. Tourism is generally regarded as labour-intensive. It generates direct full time employment in such formal sectors as hotels, restaurants, transport services, travel agencies, guides and foreign airlines, etc. Costs: In business, cost is usually a monetary valuation of (1) effort, (2) material, (3) resources, (4) time and utilities consumed, (5) risks incurred, and (6) opportunity forgone in production and delivery of a good or service. All expenses are costs, but not all costs (such as those incurred in acquisition of an income-generating asset) are expenses. A large number of deal and money will be costing the host destination of the event and local taxpayers for Sport tourism development. Developers will need the government to improve infrastructure which includes the airport, roads and others which are costly activities for the government. ports and adventures tourism development costs can be divided in two parts, if the negative aspects of costs can be save than there will be benefit, on the other hand positive has always profitable for stake holders. Positive Costs | Negative Costs| 1. Tourist spending money returned to local economy as it is spent over and over again. | 1. Over tour ism can effects social community; such as tourism can increase drug related activities. | 2. Diversify and stabilize the local economy. | 2. Illegal prostitution can be harmful for sports destination. As tourists has a weak side for sexual activities. | 3. Governments get a chance to add up extra tax through tourism. | 3. Overcrowding and congestion. | 4. Fosters conservation and preservation of natural, cultural and historical resources. | 4. Crime activities can be increased. | 5. Encourages the preservation and celebration of local sport events or festivals. | 5. Natural resources and historical sites can be damaged for overcrowding. | 6. Local charity can raise fund through regular tourism. | 6. Over development can be cost local government. | 7. Tourism money can be spending to create more technological development in activity area. | 7. Developers from outside the destination can take the profit away. | From an economic point of view of the above table showcasing the region and its natural beauty should enhance its reputation as an attractive tourist destination. Good organisation and infrastructure could be highlighted to further promote investment in sports destination. More convenient and modern venues are likely to attract higher number of spectators and perhaps host upcoming mega-events which will generate higher income to the destination. Conclusion Sport and adventure tourism development can benefit economies by providing a fast source of income for local government and community, supporting the sustaining improvement and protection for environment and encouraging culture exchange between the developed countries. In perspective of the west Cambria tourism, with major sports or adventure events can speed up the development and growth and these includes; Tourists’ arrivals: sports team or sports man, media, officials and fans arriving into the destination from across the country and across the world for the events. Destination revenues: money spent by visitors spending time in the destination over the period of the sports events. Investment in destination: money injected into the west Cambria destination for infrastructure development. Employment for locals: many of the locals will have the opportunity to get employed in during the sports events. Skills development: knowledge and skills transfer which result from sports events preparations which remain in the minds and lives. Popularity: By building of profile of the Cambria tourism as a host destination through media exposure of the event. The long-term benefits of a sports destination far outweigh the short-term cost. Though creating a modern facilitate destination can destroy some part nature. In that case developers should focus without destroying the nature adopting Sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is considerably beneficial in the respect of environment. For developing tourism business, most developed destination provides financial support or material resource for the conservation of the local environment and natural resources. It can create balance between limits and usage of nature through monitoring and planning; to ensure that sustainable tourism can be managed besides developed sports tourism. Sustainable development of sports destination must include the interests of all stakeholders including local communities, visitors, related business industry and government. Suggestions for the future development of this sports destination†¦ References Books 1. Weed M, Bull, C, 2004. Sport tourism: Participants, policy and providers, 4th Edition. London UK: Elsevier’s Science and Technology. E-Books 2. Tim Knowles, Dimitrios Diamantis, Joudallah Bey El-Mourhabi, J. 2004. The Globalization of Tourism and Hospitality: A Strategic Perspective. 2nd Edition. London: Thomson Learning Available at: http://books. google. co. uk/books? id=uEi5NkHg0ZsC;printsec=frontcover;dq=The+Globalization+of+Tourism+and+Hospitality:+A+Strategic+Perspective;hl=en;ei=Y1HhTqinF9Do8QOmzPD_Aw;sa=X;oi=book_result;ct=result;resnum=1;ved=0CEMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage;q=The%20Globalization%20of%20Tourism%20and%20Hospitality%3A%20A%20Strategic%20Perspective;f=false Articles: 3. Devine, A, Boyle, E, Boyd, S, 2009. Towards a theory of collaborative advantage for the sport tourism policy arena. Available How to cite Tourism Management, Essay examples

Social Work Helping Skills

Question: Discuss about theSocial Work Helping Skills. Answer: Introduction: Social work and attending the people needing help typically demands a number of personal knowledge and communication skills. as opined by Payne (2014), listening, gathering information making the client free and comfortable, building trust etc. some of the most crucial communication skills need for a successful social worker. While dealing with the clients, the social workers need to have necessary knowledge about the legal help, psychological aspects, available services and many more. As mentioned by Dorfman (2013), the roles of the social workers are multifaceted. While the clinical social workers need information for providing quality treatment, the direct intervening social workers help in the clients in coping to their social lives. Hence, having and showing an appropriate and approachable body language and appropriate knowledge about the services are important in developing a helping relationship when attending, following and reflecting to the clients position. Here, in this re port, a candid discussion has been made on the effective and inappropriate skills and knowledge those are bring used by the social workers while attending the clients. While discussing this topic, the author has referred to the provided video for the successful completion of this discussion and analysis. Discussion: In their operation, the social workers needs to collect effective information, disseminate suggestions and help people take important decisions. Hence, it is typically important for them to beware of the socio-personal skills and required knowledge for providing the best quality services. As mentioned by Sue, Rasheed and Rasheed (2015), The basics of interaction and communication in social work are the voice and words, body language, listening, observing, encouraging and remembering. From the introduction to the termination of the interview session or communication, it is needed for the social worker to be considerate and patient. Here, in the given video, the social worker has tactfully utilized a number of social work skills in obtaining information regarding the psychological torment of one her clients The Required Skills and Analysis of the Video: As mentioned by Koprowska (2014), communication skills are mostly important for the social workers while attending the clients. It helps them in collecting the most authentic data and information, which is needed to provide the best quality service. As discussed by Sue, Rasheed and Rasheed (2015), it helps the social worker in building a trustful relationship with the clients as well as collecting information and examining their responses (body language) when working and talking about the family members and friends. Here, in this video, the clients had to express all hr feelings truly to the attendant (social worker), so that she can help her out from the dilemma of looking after her grand children even being physically and financially unable to do so. Hence, as mentioned by Argyle (2013), it was fundamentally important for the social worker to make the client feel safe and listened. It puts light on the importance of the effective communication skills for a social work job. While discussing the life issues of the client, it is important for the social worker to follow a certain stages of conversation. As discussed by Sue, Rasheed and Rasheed (2015),it is important for the worker to ask the client about her age, present status of hr social life and make the client know about the intensions of the social worker. It makes him/ her feel secured. However, in the given video, the social worker has not followed any of this initial conversation, but she has started the conversation in a light not by showing interest into the clients personal and social life. As mentioned by Reamer (2013), this particular skill or strategy of ice braking helps the worker in gaining trust from the clients end. In addition to this, as mentioned by Hardina (2012), shifting the conversation to the focused topic is very crucial personal communication skill of a social worker. As discussed by Teater (2016), the worker needs to alter the subject of conversation purposely while he/ she finds the topic of the conversation is unproductive, or the client is being sensitive towards the matter. Here, in this video, the social worker has stated the conversation in a very tactful way. With her first addressing sentence related to the topic of the clients grandchildren, she has found no difficulty in Going to the topic straightaway. As opined by Thompson (2015), while using this strategy, the worker needs to be very prudent. It is a skill to make the client feel free, while entering to the topic of discussion. In this given video, the social worker did this with great precision and it has helped hr in making the conversation purposeful from the very beginning. In addition to this, it is typically important for maintaining confidentiality while collecting personal and motional information from a client. As mentioned by Kosberg and Garcia (2013), the client must be made aware about who will be make known to information provided by him/ her. As pr the social work philosophy, maintaining confidentiality of the clients information is must for the social workers. Here, in the given video, the social worker has made it clear that she is going to keep all the information confidential and the report she is going provide will be based on the conversation. Now, as opined by Davies and Jones (2015), such an assurance provides a sense of security to the client, which makes him/ her feel that they can share their point of view with the social worker. Here, the attendant has become able to make the client share her sense of insecurity, desire and expectation through the course of the interview. However, it is important for the social worker to show some sympathy with verbal and non-verbal expression. As discussed by Sue, Rasheed and Rasheed (2015), in the interview sessions, the clients often get overwhelmed by his / her emotions. In such a context, it is needed for the social worker to show some sympathy. However, in the given video, the social worker has failed to provide verbal consolation, but she has done it in a non-verbal communication pattern. As opined by Davies and Jones (2015), asking the right questions is a foundation of any social work interview. By posing valid, relevant and purposeful questions, the social worker needs to make the client fl that h/ she is interested in this conversation. Moreover, as mentioned by Martin and Hollows (2016), by putting open-ended questions, the social worker will be able to provide a scope of airing the view to client. In the given video, the social worker has used this particular strategy for obtaining information from the client. Moreover, it is also important to use the skill of active listening mainly to the clients who are sharing issues with their life and family. As mentioned by Kosberg and Garcia (2013), while attending the aged clients the social workers need to identify the main issue they are wanting to talk about and provide them the comfort zone of conversation as thy often feel lonely in their social and personal life. In this particular video, the social worker has suc cessfully implemented this strategy of active listing and in bringing out the clients desire of being with her daughters and grandchildren. However, it is important for the social worker to make their client to deal with the adverse situation by him or herself. As opined by Thompson (2015), to do so, the social workers need to have required level of knowledge about the services. It is an important skill to be maintained by the social workers. However, in the given video, the social worker had to collect the information only; hence, she avoided providing any service help to the client. In addition to this, as mentioned by Gray and Webb (2012), the social work principals typically put importance on the non-judgmental attitude of the social workers. Bing a social worker, a professional faces a number of situations and circumstances. It can fairly be possible that h/ she find the client guilty according to his/ her own moral sense. Moreover, as discussed by Taylor (2013), even while addressing the criminals the social workers have to keep their own judgments beside, and look into the scenario from the clients perspective. In the given video, the client wanted to spend time with her family members and being cared by her daughters. The social worker felt for her, and she made the client understand that she is not wanting too much. Here, another important quality becomes important in the discussion. As mentioned by Ife (2012), while developing a helping relationship while attending, following and reflecting on a clients situation it is needed for the social worker to keep a certain emotional distance from the client. As discussed by Germain (2013), it is often natural for social workers to find a similarity in the life of the client with their own. It directs the social worker to judge a situation form his/ hr own personal emotions or point of view. It is crucial for them to avoid such a situation. As everyone has an individuality and own idea of right and wrong, the social workers judgment can make the situation mode adverse to the client. Hence, as opined by Sue, Rasheed and Rasheed (2015), it is needed for the social workers to not to find for personal attachment with the client and judging the situation on the parameter of his/ hr own experience. Here, in the selected video, the social worker tried to make the client talk about hr daughters and wanted to know whether she is having any negative feeling for them. When, the client refused to express any hard feelings for her daughters, and expressed her deep-rooted desire, the social worker immediately understood this and continued the conversation in that particular manner. Here, in the given video, the social worker has maintained a considerable voice, approaching body language, active and attentive listening and encouraging attitude while attending the client in the a home visit. Conclusion: Positive communication skills are fundamentally required for effectively helping the clients to get over their state of torment. It is the duty of a social worker to help the people to help themselves. Hence, by providing an environment where the clients are able to feel free and gain confidence over themselves is a duty of the social workers. By applying the strategy of effective listing, accepting the individuality of the client, providing confidentiality, not being judgmental and airing pragmatic solutions the social workers will b able to serve the best quality service to the clients. Here, in the given video, the social worker has provided a comfortable and confidential environment to the client. She has effectively tried to make the client feel that she can feel the mental torment of the client with her body language, relevant question inputs and streamlining the conversation in a purposeful manner. It has helped her to gain trust from the client and she has held her heart out to the social worker. This has particularly made the task easy for the social worker. Moreover, with the assurance of keeping the content of conversation a secret, she has provided a sense of security to client and the client has explained the secret desires to her. Hence, it can be concluded that the communication skills and knowledge is immensely helpful in the successful execution of the social work duties, which has been effectively used by the attendant in the video. References: Argyle, M. (2013).Social skills and health (psychology revivals). Routledge. Davies, K., Jones, R. (Eds.). (2015).Skills for social work practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Dorfman, R. A. (2013).Clinical social work: Definition, practice and vision(Vol. 9). Routledge. Germain, C. B. (2013).Social work practice. Columbia University Press. Gray, M., Webb, S. (Eds.). (2012).Social work theories and methods. Sage. Hardina, D. (2012).Interpersonal social work skills for community practice. Springer Publishing Company. Ife, J. (2012).Human rights and social work: Towards rights-based practice. Cambridge University Press. Koprowska, J. (2014).Communication and interpersonal skills in social work. Learning Matters. Kosberg, J. I., Garcia, J. L. (2013).Elder abuse: International and cross-cultural perspectives. Routledge. Martin, R., Hollows, A. (2016). Practising for Social Work Practice: Integrating Knowledge and Skills for Social Work with Children and Families.Social Work Education, 1-13. Payne, M. (2014).Modern social work theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Reamer, F. G. (2013).Social work values and ethics. Columbia University Press. Sue, D. W., Rasheed, M. N., Rasheed, J. M. (2015).Multicultural Social Work Practice: A Competency-Based Approach to Diversity and Social Justice. John Wiley Sons. Taylor, B. (2013).Professional decision making and risk in social work. Learning Matters. Teater, B. (2016). An introduction to using theory in social work practiceand Skills for using theory in social work. Thompson, N. (2015).Understanding social work: preparing for practice. Palgrave Macmillan.

Some people believe that competitive sports both team and individual h

Some people believe that competitive sports both team and individual have no place in the school curriculum. How much do you agree or disagree? Sports especially competitive sport has a lot of benefits and good for students. However, some people think that competitive sports should be eradicated from the curriculum of school. In my perspective, I strongly disagree with that idea for the following reasons. First, competitive sports help students keep fit and stay healthy. When students play competitive sports not only their body and muscles are enhanced but also the calories which they absorbed in foods during the day will be burned. In addition, playing competitive sports prevent students from obesity and heart attack. For example, competitive sport such as basket ball, football or volleyball make players move continuously, the fat and calories in body will be burned more than sitting immovable. Some scientists proved that playing competitive sport reduce potential diseases and lengthen age. Second, competitive sports also help student build up a team spirit and bring benefits for students social well-being. When students take part in competitive sports, they have to work with their teams. This force them make friends, talk with others and cooperate with their teams members. As a result, students team work skill will be improved and increase their communication. Moreover, playing competitive sports is good opportunities for student to improve their problem-solving skills and decision-making skills. These are highly useful skills for students in future works. In conclusion, for these reasons above, I think that competitive sports should not be removed from curriculum of school because they bring a lot of benefits for students physical and mental health and they also contribute to students social well-being.

Ozone Layer and Its Problems essays

Ozone Layer and Its Problems essays Some of the worlds brightest scientists have come up with the theory, that the human race is slowly depleting the ozone layer. By depleting the ozone layer the planet becomes warmer. Ozone depletion has been one of the most discussed issues in the past twenty years, when it comes to the environment. Many of the theories today say that if ozone depletion continues the planet will become warmer and the polar ice cap will melt. Anywhere from five to twenty-five miles above the earth is a protective blanket of gases know as the atmosphere. This atmosphere helps to hold in the air that we breathe and to protect the earth from the full effect of the suns ultraviolet rays (Emmel 22). The upper part of the atmosphere is called the stratosphere; this is where the ozone layer is located. The ozone layer is the main tool for filtering out most of the suns ultraviolet rays and only makes up one-millionth of the atmosphere. The ozone layer has one of the most important jobs in entire atmosphere. Its job is to absorb, reflect, or get rid of as many ultraviolet rays possible. Even with all of this some of the UV rays still get passed the ozone layer. But, because of the ozone layer there are not enough UV rays to hurt the earth. If not for the ozone layer life is it is today would not be possible. About thirty or forty years ago scientists noticed the beginnings of a small hole. In the last thirty year the hole has become bigger each and every year. Now the hole is as big as the United States and is sitting over Antarctica (Biggs 8). Special measuring devices show that the ozone layer is letting in twice as many UV rays as normal. In these last thirty year scientists believe the ozone layer has been depleted by two percent (Erratic 2). Many scientists have voices that extra radiation getting through to the earths surface may lead to problems further down the line. Scientists suggest th ...

Free topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Free topic - Research Paper Example The key focus of this paper is to determine the significance of the religious myth in the Indian culture, as well as the ability of mythology in Indian culture to reflect the values, beliefs and philosophies, which guide the daily lives of people, in India. Religious mythology is an essential component of Indian culture, and Indians hold it dear to their lives. Meaning and purpose of myths Myths are tales and stories, which are used to enlighten people and guide them by sharing collective knowledge and encounters. The facts of myths are obtained from reality and handle real world problems affecting the lives of individuals by the use of imaginary characters and events. Myths tend to explain survival of natural phenomena or beliefs, tribal customs, describe the establishment and origin of rituals, proper behavior instruction and entertainment (Joseph Campbell Foundation par. 13-16). Primarily, myths serve the purpose of giving vivid explanations of cultural and natural phenomena. The evolution of mythology owes its credit to the quest and desire of people to develop a deep understanding about the world. Secondly, myths serve the purpose of justifying, validating, and explanation of the continuation of social systems and traditional customs and rites. It is imperative to note that myths have secondary purpose, which includes instruction vehicles and tools and source of healing among others (Joseph Campbell Foundation par. 13-16). Indian Religious Myth and Diversity There are diverse religious activities and beliefs in India, and the socio-cultural habits in that region of the planet tend to be equally rich and diverse, as they incorporate many nations with religious backgrounds that tend to be extremely vivid. Indian mythology analyzes the entire myths associated with Buddhist, Jain and Hindu among other scriptures (Lauhitya Kingdom par. 1-15). Evidently, the richest element of the Indian culture is the Indian mythology; the mythology can be termed as essential i n modeling the Indian culture, as well as the beliefs. The stories and encounters of the Indian mythology have been passed from one generation to the next, either through keen story telling or systematically written books and articles. It is vital to note that Indian mythology cannot be separated from the religion of India; the myths describe the religious goddesses’ and gods’ accounts for the vast Indian population (Lauhitya Kingdom par. 1-15). It is imperative to note that oral transmission of Indian mythology has become the most effective because people believe in the religious teachings given orally. Further, Buddha mythology and Hindu mythology form part of Indian mythology, and they will be discussed deeply in the course of the paper. Jatakas include tales that contain the legends and myths, related to Buddha, as well stories of the birth of Buddha, his life and his Nirvana attainment (Lauhitya Kingdom par. 1-15). Indian Epic Poetry The mythology of India and Ind ian epic poetry also relate to one another and married to each other. The two interrelate on various grounds, which show the significance of the rich reserve of poems written in India. Epic poetry describes a long poem, which narrates the daring exploit of a person in ways, which tend to be basic to the culture and beliefs of Indian people. Epic poems are laden with

Implementation of organisational identification Essay

Implementation of organisational identification - Essay Example Organizational identification is, according to Gemmiti (2008, 6), â€Å"an individual’s knowledge of belonging or membership to a group of members of the organization.† This knowledge of belonging to a particular organization is heavily based on emotions and has a great influence on an individual’s behavior. The identification comes with an employee’s understanding and realizing of how their personal goals and values are aligned with the goals and values of the organization. Finally, as such goals, norms and values are aligned, the employee adds that group membership to their overall self-concept (Meyer, Becker, and Van Dick 2006). Therefore, it can be said that organizational identification refers to whether an employee associates themselves with the organization in which they work and whether an employee views themselves as a part of the organization. According to Van Dick, Grojean, Christ, and Wieseke (2006), the concept of social identity can help to determine how organizational identification is related to organizational citizenship (Van Dick, Grojean, Christ, and Wieseke 2006). The two concepts, according to the researchers (Van Dick, Grojean, Christ, and Wieseke 2006), are positively related because individuals’ self-concepts are formed on the basis of belonging to certain organization. The stronger the feeling of belonging is, the more effort a person is willing to devote to the development of that organization. Therefore, in an organization, the more organizational goals and norms are in line with those of the individual, the more devoted that individual is to the organization. So, organizationa l commitment is also related to organizational identification. Organizational commitment is very important for employers because it determines the level of employee performance, job satisfaction, absenteeism and other productivity-related factors. This paper critically examines the concept of organizational identification, and analyzes how it is related to organizational performance, individual performance, job satisfaction and productivity. Literature review Organizational identification and organizational commitment An empirical study conducted by He and Mukherjee (2008) examined how organizational identification was related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The research was conducted with Chinese salespeople and showed that organizational identification represents a link between job satisfaction and job commitment. Job satisfaction was divided by the researchers into intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic job satisfaction referred to how employees viewed their partic ular jobs. Extrinsic job satisfaction included employee’s satisfaction by their working conditions, such as pay, environment, and management. The two different types of job satisfaction related differently to both organizational identification and organizational commitment. In particular, as He and Mukherjee (2008, 2) outline, †extrinsically motivated job satisfaction has a stronger relationship with organisational identification than intrinsically motivated job satisfaction.† The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire was used by the researchers to measure job satisfaction. An Organisational Commitment Questionnaire was used for measuring organizational commitment. Finally, an Organizational identification measure designed by Ashforth and Mael (1992) was used to measure organizational identification of 438 Chinese salespeople representing real estate industry. The results showed that extrinsic job satisfaction had a positive influence on organizational id

Personal Statement 1 Page Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Statement 1 Page - Essay Example With reference to my qualifications, I graduated with a GPA above 3.0. Over the years, my passion in nursing career has evolved and developed into something I yearn to know more every day. Since the year I experienced the impact of a nurse in the life of an old patient eighteen years ago, I felt a deep burden in my heart to offer care, compassion and love to the sick. I remember the old man, groaning in pain and needed help. He was so dirty, yet sick; it took a selfless nurse with a ‘big heart’ to attend to the man. At that point, I marveled and realized that nursing is more than the professional qualification. Today, my dream is not just to be a good nurse, but one who is committed, compassionate and with a vision in the nursing career. I have excellent analytical skills. I have always admired the visionary pictures when I would give to the community my full potential as a nurse. I have a passion to contribute to the health and sanitation industry in my home. Since, there is a great need to become more mobile in reaching out to many patients, I would like to ensure that my desire while working in this field is significant and efficient to serve many in need. In essence, I would prefer to attend to public health issues especially children and participate in the development and improvement of hospital services. Given a change to work with your organization will greatly contribute to my dream fulfillment because of the great opportunity to enhance direct transformation (Learn4Good Ltd 2013). In the first three years after my graduation, I would like to spend it learning new skills and accruing immense wealth of experience. My focus is in consolidating strong academic qualifications with a wide background in nursing and phlebotomy. My efficiency lies in the ability to have competence in judging and accepting responsibility in completing tasks is essential. Ultimately, the ability to

Factors Affecting Healing Capabilities of the Body

Factors Affecting Healing Capabilities of the Body Analyse Health Information James Rowe 1.3) Intracellular fluid makes up approximately 60-67% of total body fluid. With Intracellular fluid making up approximately 33-40% in both these compartments it is water making up a majority of the solvent in the different body compartments. The total body weight that the fluid makes up is about 60% in Men and about 55% in Women. This is lower due to the higher fat content. Fluid Physiology: 2.1 Fluid Compartments. 2014. Fluid Physiology: 2.1 Fluid Compartments. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/FluidBook/fl2_1.php. [Accessed 13 February 2014]. An electrolyte is an electrically charged ion that can affect the amount of water in the body. It is also responsible for determining the acidity of the blood (alters PH). And is responsible for a change in muscle function. Sodium maintains the osmotic pressure and volume of the extracellular fluid within the body. Whereas the intracellular fluid is controlled by potassium. By effecting these the body can effect the amount of fluid being drawn into the ECF and ICF. 2.1) Dehydration is a danger because the body requires water to maintain homeostasis. Water is also a key ingredient in blood volume. The less water in the blood the thicker it becomes. The function of the skin have been impaired because the skin integrity itself is compromised. Depending on wound depth many problems can occur. 1st degree burns à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Superficial skin 2nd degree burns à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Some underlying skin damage 3rd degree burns à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   All skin layers damage After an area of the body has been burnt many things will happen. Including an increase in the amount of WBC that migrate to the area to help fight off infection and start repairing the body. Also the capillaries of the damaged area will be blocked off to prevent and blood loss. And to stop a possible entrance route for any blood infection. Factors affecting the healing capabilities of the body can be categorised into 2 category’s Internal and External. Internal à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Health status (any other illness that may prevent healing) Age Lifestyle Nutritional status External à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Mechanical damage Stress Temperature Debridement of a wound can happen through many different methods. Including surgically, chemically or even by the body’ defence itself. Debridement is where unhealthy tissue is removed from the wound to aid healing. The top 2 layers of the skin are used in a full thickness graft. These are the Dermus and EpiDermus. 3.1) OBS chart Neurovascular OBS Fluid balance chart Referral/Appointment 4.2) Hypertension is high blood pressure. This is where the blood in the artery is being forced around the body under a higher pressure than normal. Arteriosclerosis is the thickening and hardening of the artery walls. Meaning that there is a loss in the elasticity of the artery wall. Hypertension and Arteriosclerosis are often related. Due to the pressure hypertension puts on the arterial wall they lose their elasticity and become hard and thick (Arteriosclerosis) Hypertension is referred to as ‘the silent killer’ due to the fact so many people are unaware that they have the disease. The signs and symptoms of hypertension are very discreet and can go un-diagnosed for a lifetime. Cardiovascular disease and old age are often associated. This is because the development of the disease over time and the disease becoming worse with age. Some changes that can be to reduce the risk of developing the disease are improving diet, don’t live under stress for prolonged periods of time, tests for and hereditary factors. If there is an increased amount of platelets in the blood and therefore you have a very high clotting factor then you may be at risk of a blockage in a blood vessel. 5.2) A blue or purple colouration of the skin is referred to as cyanosis. Hypoxia is where an area of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Hypoxia can be generalized or local. Ischemia is the insufficient blood flow to a tissue Hypoxemic hypoxia is where the arterial content of O ² insufficient. This can be caused by a pulmonary embolus or a sudden change in the environment pressure (Diving) 5.3) A tracheostomy is a surgical incision into the next. Opening the airway straight through a hole in the trachea. Endotracheal is a type of tracheal tube inserted through the mouth or nose. Both are a type of tracheal tube that’s purpose is to act as a catheter to establish and maintain a airway. And to ensure enough oxygen gets into the body to allow adequate gas exchange. 5.4) Anaemia is a decrease in the number of RBC or less than normal amount of haemoglobin. This will cause the patient to complain of SOB due to lack of oxygen being supplied to the body due to the lack of haemoglobin. 5.5) The problems that Paul is experiencing with breathing can be due to the muscle spasm down the airway. And the swelling narrows the airway makes it difficult for Paul to breathe. An increase in the production of mucus also explains the wheeze in Pauls breathing. This is because the air being exhaled is being forced through mucus. 6.1) If left untreated then the appendix will rupture causing toxicity in the body. In some extreme cases this poisoning of the body can cause death. 6.2) Because without fibre in the diet stools become difficult to pass. Causing a higher pressure and stronger muscle contraction to be needed. Over a prolonged period this causes damage to the intestine. 6.3) Bile is required to breakdown and aid digestion. If the bile duct is blocked then this would hinder the digestion of some protein and fats. The is because of the bile not reaching the areas that it is meant to. This would mean the body would not be able to absorb essential nutrients during the digestive process meaning there would be a deficiency in the body. 6.4) Jaundice (Yellow skin) Pale colour stool. Dark Urine 8.2) BP increase amount of oxygen to muscles. Vasodilation aids this. Heart beat increase rate of blood pumps around the body and increases the amount of gas exchange occurring in the lungs to help the muscle fuel. Resp Rate increases to allow as much oxygen as possible into the body and to get rid of the CO2. This all allows muscles adequate energy for a fight or flight response. 9.1) When blood enters the kidney (Site of urine formation) it passes through juxtaglomerular that detect blood pressure and blood volume before entering the nephron. When in the Nephron blood needs to be under pressure to force out fluid and solutes (smaller than protein) After reabsorption occurs the remaining waste is urine. Without a suitable BP or BV this wouldn’t occur. 10.1) Concave lenses. This is because the positive diopetes of myopic eye. This will help her see things further away (Refrence Marieb) 10.2) Sensorineural deafness – Degeneration or damage to the nerve, neuron and receptor cell. The MP3 caused damage to the nerves in the ear and the neurons of the auditory cortex. This is more serious than conductive deafness as it effects the ability to hear both conduction routes (Air conduction and Bone conduction) Conduction deafness – Something interferes with sound vibration waves. This means that waves do not reach the inner ear fluid (Ear wax and Blockage)

Woman Leadership in Islam Essay -- essays research papers

In New York, on the 18th of March 2005, a professor of Islamic studies at Virginia Commonwealth University, Amina Wadud, led 150 men and women, in a Friday prayer. This incident is the first of its kind, as it is the first time for a woman to take the religious leadership role in Islam. Of Course, This incident caused a huge debate within the Islamic cultures. Some sheikhs declared there was nothing wrong with women leading prayers, but the big majority of sheikhs criticized Amina Wadud and condemned her. However, Amina Wadud in reply to the accusations stressed the equality between men and women, even in religious leadership. (Islam online, April 18, 2005) One wonders why Amina Wadud has chosen religion to convey her views of equality between men and women. In the present days, especially in religious countries, religion dictates every aspect of people's lives, where their modes of thought are imposed by the religious and political institutions. Consequently, if it is tolerable in religion for women to lead prayers then most probably, this will reflect on real life and women will be given the chance and the trust to take actual leadership positions. If this is the case, religious leadership will have an impact on women perception of themselves and their role in society. Women perception and confidence in themselves will change dramatically if they are given the chance to take religious leadership. The current situation in Egypt is, that most women underestimate their thinking abilities and see themselves as the ones who should serve their husbands (The Invisible Society: Women in Middle Eastern Culture, 2.5.2005). The role of religion here is that many women justify their present role with religion and this is why they accept it and do not try to change it. So if religious leadership then will result in women to have more confidence and see herself as having skills that she should take advantage of. Consequently, she will get motivated and see it as her duty to fight for her rights. Women will become more motivated and aware that a higher education is a necessity to pursue their rights. Thus, women will become more intellectual and independent. Independence, in this case, means economic independence, because if they get a degree and work, they will be capable of taking care of themselves and have their own income. This means that they will not be obliged ... ...tinople, who was a very powerful and rich woman. This egalitarian church system reflected on society. Women earned much more respect and credit and were therefore more active Their activity was shown for instance, in the fact when there used to be any religious gathering, women used to plan it in their living places and there express opinions and make sure they were taken into consideration. (Powerful wealthy women, Tuesday, April 19, 2005). To summarize, the role of women in society will improve and they will be given more opportunities. To conclude, women indeed are created with brains and a will this should have had a reason. Engaging in religious leadership will surely emphasize equality in the society. Women and men are indeed different, but maybe through women engagement in the outside world. The qualities that women posses that are not in men could be used efficiently and consequently society will develop. However one could ask if the engagement of women in society will ever be fully accepted from men. Because especially in the Middle East men enjoy their superiority and are not ready to give it up. So whatever happens will men ever accept themselves being led by a woman?

Media events as holidays of mass communication

The authors introduced media events as â€Å"the holidays of mass communication.† They introduced the topic to the readers by citing recent examples of what can be treated as media events. From a general overview of the nature of such events, the authors then move towards providing the readers with a view of what can be liked to media events. As such, they described media events as â€Å"television ceremonies† or â€Å"festive televisions†, thereby pointing out that media events resemble the main characteristics of being festive, being akin to a celebration, and much more like that of a very big event for the mass media. After providing the readers an overview of the description of media events through finding events that have features akin to such, the authors then set the grounds for the detailed description and analysis on the nature of media events. Such was done through the establishment of the nature of television genres. So as to provide the readers a clear delineation of the uniqueness of television from the other media tools, the authors introduced the concept of television genres. The authors pointed out that in the same way that films and print publications are classified, television shows also have their own genres. However, the ways by which the genres of the movies and print publications are classified, differ from the pattern that television genre classification follows. Television genres are not classified according to those features used in film genre classifications such as themes, plots, cinematography, setting, characterizations, and other elements present in the film.   However, as stated by Newcomb, the first person to attempt to classify television genre, â€Å"television as a medium imposes an element of familism on each of the genres which it has inherited from the other media of popular culture.† Despite such characteristic however, the classification process for television genres does not also follow the genre categorization followed by print publications such as the text, the angle of the story, and so on. As such, among the mentioned classifications of the television genre which the authors mentioned are the news and the soap operas. In the later part of their article however, the authors discuss the nature of media events in relation with its similarities and difference from news and the soap opera. The first difference of media event from other television, as cited by the authors was the fact that media events are not routine. They are not akin to the broadcast news shows where a specific pattern is followed as to when the television anchors will appear and report and which segments will come after another. In the case of media events, they comprise a wide range of events- it may be a wedding of a Royal prince, an impeachment trial of the President, the death of a prominent star, or any significant event that may demand utmost attention and interest from the public. Also, media events are delivered as spontaneous events were anything can happen. The authors also cited that media events demand and receive focused attention. They described media events as akin to an ultimate â€Å"life shocker or stopper†, where the media men will somehow dedicate their time and effort to a single event while the rest of the news- whatever relevant event that can be considered as such- will be taken as a secondary priority. As such, media events are also described as something which will then demand the attention of the public as well. Also, the authors pointed out that media events interrupt the routine and they intervene with the normal flow of broadcasting. They cited examples where the normal line of shows was altered so as to give way to the broadcasting of media events. Such act then emphasizes the importance of the media events over the other television genres. This characteristic of media events is then overemphasized when in some cases; regular broadcasting is ultimately suspended so as to cater to the media events. Another important feature of media events that the authors pointed out was the fact that such are delivered in a monopolistic manner most of the time. As such, one can be able to determine that something is a media event when its broadcasting invades all the television channels. Media events are also unique because, as the authors stated, they happen live and the events are transmitted as they occur. This presents a major difference from news and other television shows such as soap operas where the show is recorded. The authors also point out that media events call for outside reporting. By this, we mean that mass communication is delivered from a different venue- depended of the media event itself. As such it is delivered not from the usual studies where mass communication is much controlled and monitored. However, it contrast of its being unique, the authors also site a feature which makes it similar to the other genres- the fact that media events are often pre-planned. This means that the events are announced and advertised before it actually happens. Overall however, the authors note that the main differences of the media events are the fact that they are presented with reverence and ceremony. In this case, we can see that the authors failed to mention the relevance of such unique characteristics- what does these attributes mean, and what are its impact to the viewers and to the whole mass media industry as well. However, the authors made important notes to ponder as they stated why such television genre should attain academic attention. Among the many reasons they have stated are as follows: a. Media events attract large audiences. Since the media events are delivered in a way that is highly interest catching, the viewers cannot resist but be attached to such. However, there are some points when the fact that it has large audiences makes the event qualify as a media event. Regardless of this chicken-egg scenario however, media events should be studied because it provides impending effects on a large group of public viewers. b. Media events make us realize the potential of electronic media technology. As stated earlier, media events are delivered outside the studio, they are also not routine and as such, they serve as a challenge not only for the media personnel but for the mass media technology as well. Such moments test the efficiency and the limits of such. c. Media events make us realize that the media has the power to form its own social network. The ability to form a unique social network is seen as more and more people are inclined to be part of the media event. This social network does not only involve the mass media personnel and the actual attendees of the event, rather it involves all of those who get hooked to their televisions just to watch the media event. d. Media events interrupt our life patterns. By life patterns, we mean not only that of the usual television shows, but the routines in the lives of the viewers. Instead of going to social parties or watching movies, or playing golf, the viewers who get glued to watch media events does otherwise from their planned day to day activities. e. Media events show the art of journalism and television broadcasting. Such events give everyone the glimpse of journalism and broadcasting not just at work, but as challenged. These events how the mechanics of true journalism and demand the most of it as well. f. Media events give the people a view of the past and the future. By this, we mean that media events sometimes demand an elaborated check on the past so as to find historical links to the important event. Aside from that however, media events also allow us to assess the development of television, in accordance to its relevance to the life of the television viewing society. Overall, the authors introduced the nature of media events by linking it with other events that we are more familiar with. After the overview, a through description of media events is delivered as its similarities and differences to other television genres are explored. Towards the end, the authors then establish the importance of media events and the need to study such. References: Dayan, Daniel and Katz, Elihu. Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992) Media Event. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000)

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Love and Interest, Tree of Red Stars essays Often in life we are faced with challenges that force us to make decisions that can have conflicts with other values and beliefs that we have. In the novel Tree of Red Stars by Tessa Bridal, the characters Madga, Emilia, and Marco are all faced with difficult decisions that force them to make choices between what they love, and what they value in life. The time is set in the 1960s and the country of Uruguay is having an internal conflict, or revolution, in which rebels are trying to take control of the government. Anyone living in a country like this would have to make difficult decisions, such as rebelling, being neutral, or patriotic. The choices and consequences of these decisions affect not only the people that make them but also the people around them. Madga is one such person who touched the lives of many people in making her decision to join the Tupas. Her involvement eventually led to the unfortunate arrest and punishment of one of her best friends, Emilia. Madga is merely trying to fight for a better government that will be responsible. Her interests and involvement here became a conflict with her love for Emilia. Ironically, the exact opposite may happen as well. Ones love for another can force them to make decisions that conflict with their interests. Even though a person may want something, if it forces them to give up who or what they love, then they have to make a decision. Emilia is faced with very difficult choices several places in the book, and she shows her tendency at a very young age, to pick what she loves over other values she might have. Emilia loves Peter, but because of the Tupas and the revolution in Uruguay, their relationship is torn apart. Emilia believes it is all the Tupas fault, and would much rather have a family with Peter and live in a corrupted country, than to possibly not be with Peter. People make these decisions based on what they believe to b ...

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Social responsibility Essay Example for Free

Social responsibility Essay Introduction Starbucks Coffee Corporation is a world renowned Fortune 500 company headquarter in Seattle, Washington USA. It was founded in 1971 with the sole mission to bring the unique Italian coffee experience to the masses. Its CEO Howard Shultz has successfully created a company brand where customers identify its coffee to a distinctive and premium experience. Starbucks Coffee currently has over 18,000 stores worldwide across 60 countries on six continents, and with a market capitalization of over $USD 50 billion. Ranked in American Express/SAP survey as 49 of the Top 100 global retailers, and consistently on the list as one of the best global corporations to work in Forbes magazine, the Starbucks brand is synonymous with success (Starbucks: Global Coffee Giant Has New Growth Plans. 2013). Starbucks Coffee Corporation’s Stewardship in how it conduct Business Starbucks leadership knew that its frontline workforce, or its retail store workers such as baristas, shift managers, and store managers are at the heart to success for the company. Treating the frontline workers well will ensure happy employees who will in turn safeguard the image and values that the company stand for, which keep customers loyal to the brand. Working in the retail sector typically comprise of poor benefits, non-existent or poor healthcare, and low pay. However, Starbucks is one of the very few retail companies that provide health benefits to all its employees referred to ‘partners’ at the full time and part time level. Its partners are offered competitive base pay, equity in the company in the form of Bean Stock, 401(K) saving plan with employer matching, tuition reimbursement, paid vacation, short-term  disability, and product discounts. In the current sluggish economy, companies that used to offer benefits to part time employees have pared back such as Walmart (7 Companies Offering Health Care to Part-Time Workers. 2011), while Starbucks remain committed to its employees and continue to provide benefits to all its workers. Taking care of its employees or partners isn’t its only practice of stewardship. It exist across the entire corporation from business practices, supply chain, and investments. Starbucks’ company mission statement explain what it is all about: Our mission: to inspire and nurture the human spirit-one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time. Social responsibility is at the core of its mission statement and touches: 1. Environmental considerations and recommendations (planet) 2. Ethical leadership considerations and recommendations (people) 3. Organizational viability considerations and recommendations (profitability) Starbucks Corporation already has a well-executed strategy for social responsibility, in this paper I will discuss its current strategy and introduce a new direction, and to make it better through transformation. Starbuck’s current social responsibility strategy is based on the following themes: 1) Community 2) Ethical Sourcing 3) Environment Source: http://www.starbucks.com/responsibility In this section I will explain how each of the three focus are associated to the three social responsibilities of a) planet b) people c) profitability. Starbucks’ Community (People) What Starbucks is Currently Doing Starbucks has a close involvement with the communities that its retail coffee stores are located. Starbucks leadership is committed to helping out the communities that its stores are located. It established an initiative to get its employees involved with making their communities better. A month out of  every year it conducts a program called the Global Month of Service initiative, where Starbucks employees lead community service projects focus on the individual needs of the neighborhood where they live and work. Since the program’s inception in 2011, volunteer hours have increased 40% more than the year before, with a goal of 1 million hours in 2015. What It Should Do Next Hitting 1 million volunteer hours in one month by 2015 seems quite a feat, however when you factor the total Starbucks 150,000 global employees, the contribution of hours is not so significant. That equates to roughly 6.7 hours per employee in a month timeframe. Starbucks leaders should make volunteering mandatory for all its employees and a criteria in the employee’s annual performance review. By linking the program to an employee’s annual performance it would be more of an incentive for people to give more hours, than to think that it is purely voluntary. If during the Global Month of Service every employee can volunteer 2 hours every week for a total of 8 hours per month, at an employee base of 150,000 that means 1.2 million hours can be given. Starbuck’s Ethical Sourcing (Profitability) What Starbucks is Currently Doing Starbucks’ is known for fair practices in everything that carry its brand. It spans from the merchandising of items carried in its retail stores, furniture used by its customers, to the coffee beans it uses in its lattes. Starbucks has integrated into its core business practices social responsibility known as ethical sourcing. Ethical sourcing is being concerned for the well-being of every worker from the top to bottom supply chain that produce any product that has the Starbucks logo. It is to insure that all companies sourced by Starbucks involved with creating its products, provide to their workers a fair-livable wage, sustainable work hours, and adhere to the highest standards of labor practices set forth by Starbucks. The sourcing of its product has a direct impact to Starbucks’ bottom line and profits. However profit margins does not take precedence over social responsibility, compromised or side stepped in the constant pursuits for  corporate profits. Case in Po int: In 2012 Starbucks assessed 128 factories and found that 36 of them failed its zero-tolerance standards. Even though its approach was to work with suppliers to correct the issues, it halted business until adequate resolution were implemented. While it was able to implement improvement plans with almost half of these factories, it stopped working with 15 factories that didn’t rectify the issues. Since the program started in 2006, it engaged with more than 500 factory assessments and worked with more than 70 factories on programs to improve standards. Aside from internal practices, Starbucks is a member of the Global Social Compliance Program, and promoting externally the social responsibility of ethical sourcing best practices to other corporations. To lead and facilitate business-driven efforts to improve environmental and working conditions in the global supply chain of companies. To set itself has a model for other corporations to follow. Source: http://www.gscpnet.com/structure-a-governance/task-force.html What It Should Do Next Starbucks has implemented the practice of ethical sourcing. It is showing to other corporations the morality of how to be responsible, however the Global Social Compliance program is voluntary. My suggestion is for Starbucks to take the idea of Global Social Compliance to the next level in two stages, with the ultimate goal to create a global consortium that has one set standard to enforce ethical policies across all global industries: 1) Control Low Level global supply chain entities Many global corporations utilize the same entities or sources for manufacturing and raw resources. The first strategy is to onboard these entities by granting them financial incentives, subsidies, and longer contracts if they join the Global Social Compliance Program. The caveat is they must use the money to re-invest in themselves by improving in technology or attributes to gain competitive advantage against its competition. 2) Once competitive advantage is attained, the overall cost of the goods or services will be lower compared to competitors. This makes it highly attrative to multinationals seeking lower priced sources. This will  lead to an influx of business by multinationals towards these entities and possibly the demise of competitors, resulting in the overall reduction of players in the sector. Over time the multinationals will be so ingrained to these entities because of the lower cost associated with production and the lack of choices in pursuing other suppliers, that disjoining from them will adversely affect business. At that point, Starbucks can dictate to the entities that all multinationals that work with these entities to join a global consortium that adhere to Global Social Compliance and its policies, led and defined by Starbucks. To keep the multinationals in the consortium, business advantage strategies can be implemented such as all members openly share in the cost of development of new technologies, which can be used by all or any members to gain competitive advantage in their respective industries against competitors outside of the consortium. Or as a consortium to collectively bargain for better rates of goods or services from entities outside the consortium. Over time many companies will see the benefits of becoming a member of the consortium, than fighting against companies within the consortium. The consortium will wield substantial influence and political power as major corporations in the network span across national boundaries, and collectively use its clout to push positive global agendas. Starbuck’s Environment (Planet) What Starbucks is Currently Doing Starbucks is heavily involved in helping care for our planet. It lead by example by reducing its operating costs and increase shareholder value through energy and water efficiency, while encouraging other corporations to do the same. As a company that relies on an agricultural product (coffee beans) as its core business, and the potential to effect geological conditions in the land used to grow the product, Starbucks is committed to strategies that safeguard against land erosion and deforestation through its involvement in the Conservation International (CI) project. Starbucks’  contribution to CI is to work with farmers in major coffee growing regions of the world, to provide monetary incentives if their direct action(s) lead to the reduction of carbon and protection of the environment. Source: http://www.starbucks.com/responsibility/environment/climate-change What It Should Do Next Starbucks is helping to save planet Earth a small step at a time. However it need to elevate the effort by doing the following: 1) Establish and join forces with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Starbucks and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation are both based in Seattle Washington, less than 10 miles away from each other. Both organizations have different ideas on how to solve global issues, but share in the view that the planet is not sustainable without change. The Gates Foundation’s main driver to tackling global issues are through reducing extreme poverty and improving healthcare. The Gates foundation is the philanthropic arm of Microsoft Corporation’s co-founder Bill Gates, who is the world’s richest person. Bill Gates has endowed $USD 38.3 billion dollars to the foundation to fund global initiatives. Starbucks’ strategy to tackle global issues seem to be at the micro level compared to the Gates foundation; working with farmers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), while the Gates foundation is funding initiatives at a macro or global level. In the area of Global Health the Gates foundation’s annual funding of the program approaches the total annual budget of the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO). The Gates foundation has the political connection, prestige, and financial resources which Starbucks should leverage to further its Earth protection agendas. If Starbucks want to become a bigger player in solving the planet’s problems it need to align itself with an organization that does it full time, has the ear of the United Nation, and that is the Bill Melinda Gates foundation. Joining forces with a powerhouse such as the Gates foundation, instead of providing incentives to farmers to promote ecological friendly programs in coffee growth areas, it can develop and give to all farmers technologies that can yield better crop output and use less water and land resources. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation 4. Legal and regulatory considerations and recommendations The suggestions outlined in this paper, to transform Starbucks’ social responsibility program it need to be within the legal framework for all the countries that the program applies to. The creation of a global consortium to further its ethical sourcing objectives should be a program welcomed by many workers in third world countries who work for companies known for exploitation of its workers. Governments of these countries would welcome multinationals such as Starbucks to financially provide support to stop the exploitation. Regarding furthering its present community initiative, the compulsory of its employees to volunteer shouldn’t be outside the framework of existing laws either since many corporations also have similar practices. Lastly to increase the awareness of helping the planet, joining forces with the Bill Melinda Gates foundation is a corporation to organization relationship which is legal in any country. Citation Resource Page: Loeb,W.(2013).Starbucks: Global Coffee Giant Has New Growth Plans. Retrieved February 16, 2014, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/walterloeb/2013/01/31/starbucks-globalcoffee-giant-has-new-growth-plans/ Kim,S (2011). 7 Companies Offering Health Care to Part-Time Workers. Retrieved February 18, 2014, from http://abcnews.go.com/Business/companies-offering-health-care-benefitsperks-part-time/story?id=14805107 Starbucks Corporation Social Responsibility. (2013). Retrieved February 20, 2014, from http://www.starbucks.com/responsibility Global Social Compliance Programme. (2013). Retrieved February 20, 2014, from http://www.gscpnet.com/structure-a-governance/task-force.html Starbucks Corporation Climate Change Strategy. (2013). Retrieved February 21, 2014, from http://www.starbucks.com/responsibility/environment/climate-change About Bill Melinda Gates Foundation. (2013). Retrieved February 23, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation